Navy+BN+AFF

Baseball Aff: (Round 2 vs Liberty PT)

** The Helms-Burton Act makes Cuban baseball players ineligible for O and P visas – this means that a pre-requisite to requiring a visa is defection. Champion and Norris 10 ** (Walter and Danyahel, George Foreman Professor of Sports and Entertainment Law at Thurgood Marshall School of Law on the campus of Texas Southern University and Faculty Research Librarian at Thurgood Marshall School of Law on the campus of Texas Southern University., “Why Not Row to the Bahamas Instead of Miami?: The Conundrum That Awaits Cuban Elite Baseball Players Who Seek Asylum and the Economic Nirvana of Free Agency,” 9 Va. Sports & Ent. L.J. 219, Spring, Lexis) The embargo against Cuba… and playing in the MLB.

** Cuban players will defect to get O visas in particular because it makes them eligible for free agency in the United States – they won’t accept any other path  ** ** Champion and Norris 10  **  (Walter and Danyahel, George Foreman Professor of Sports and Entertainment Law at Thurgood Marshall School of Law on the campus of Texas Southern University and Faculty Research Librarian at Thurgood Marshall School of Law on the campus of Texas Southern University., “Why Not Row to the Bahamas Instead of Miami?: The Conundrum That Awaits Cuban Elite Baseball Players Who Seek Asylum and the Economic Nirvana of Free Agency,” 9 Va. Sports & Ent. L.J. 219, Spring, Lexis) Free agency is the… with only one team. [|n121] Text: The United States federal government should expand beneficiary eligibility for O and P visas to Cuban nationals that play organized baseball.
 * Plan**

Greller 00** (Matthew, JD from the American University Washington College of Law, “Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor, Your Fastball Pitchers Yearning for Strike Three: n1 How Baseball Diplomacy Can Revitalize Major League Baseball and United States-Cuba Relations,” 14 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1647, Lexis) [*1685] III. AND United States-Cuba relations. n204
 * Baseball diplomacy is the vital internal link to restoring US-Cuban relations, but the forced defection model of immigration prevents the creation of goodwill that is necessary to build mutual trust

III. BASEBALL AND UNITED STATES… and United States-Cuba relations.

Greller 00** (Matthew, JD from the American University Washington College of Law, “Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor, Your Fastball Pitchers Yearning for Strike Three: n1 How Baseball Diplomacy Can Revitalize Major League Baseball and United States-Cuba Relations,” 14 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1647, Lexis)
 * Cuba is willing to co-operate – defection is the __fundamental issue__ preventing baseball diplomacy

IV. EFFECTIVE BASEBALL DIPLOMACY: A…Diplomacy to reach First Base. Greller 00** (Matthew, JD from the American University Washington College of Law, “Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor, Your Fastball Pitchers Yearning for Strike Three: n1 How Baseball Diplomacy Can Revitalize Major League Baseball and United States-Cuba Relations,” 14 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1647, Lexis)
 * Providing O and P visas to Cuban baseball players is a catalyst to normalizing relations

These changes by MLB… address the issue here.
 * Scenario 1 is the Environment:**

** Cuba is on the verge of deep-water oil drilling – making an a short-term environmental catastrophe a likelihood ** ** Mahony 10 **  (Melisa, "An offshore Cuban oil crisis," Smartplanet, October 1, [])  Cuba could be drilling… before any drilling commences. Smith 10** (S.E., "How do Oil Spills Affect Marine Life," wiseGeek?, December 7, [])
 * Oil spills destroy the marine environment and cause dead zones

One of the most direct…render it less harmful.

Pinon and Muse 10** (Jorge and Robert, Visiting Research Fellow in the Cuba Research Institute at Florida International University and Attorney with substantial experience in US-Cuba legal matters, "Coping with the Next Oil Spill: Why US-Cuba Environmental Cooperation is Critical," The Brookings Institute, Cuba Issue Briefing No. 2, May,[])
 * Relations are key to securing the drilling platforms and preventing accidents

While the quest for deepwater… end to an oil spill.

** Cuba is key to global ecosystems and relations are necessary for solving global environmental collapse ** ** Council on Hemispheric Affairs 9 **  ("The US and Cuba: an Environmental Duo," Scoop World, June 15, [])

Through accidents of geography…in the international arena.

Coyne and Hoekstra 7** (Jerry and Hopi, *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago AND Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, [])
 * Ecosystem collapse risks extinction

But it isn't just… dying of them all. **Scenario 2 is Proliferation:** Noriega 10** (Roger,former senior State Department Official and visiting Fellow at AEI and Managing Director of Visions Americas LLC, “Chávez's Secret Nuclear Program,” Foreign Policy, October 10, [])
 * Venezuela is developing a nuclear weapons program and is assisting Iran in the development of their own – claims of peaceful energy cooperation are a front

On Sept. 21, I held… to evade international sanctions.

Ladha 10** (Rizwan, MA Candidate in Nuclear Security at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, "Venezuela is Going Nuclear, and We Should Be Worried," Huffington Post, October 7, [])
 * This collapses the global nonproliferation regime

You may know that…weather-beaten global nonproliferation framework.

Noriega 9** (Robert, former senior State Department Official and visiting Fellow at AEI and Managing Director of Visions Americas LLC, "Hugo Chavez's Criminal Nuclear Network: A Grave and Growing Threat," American Enterprise Institute Latin America Outlook, October 14, [[[]ávezs-criminal-nuclear-network-grave-and-growing-threat]])
 * Hemispheric cooperation is key to preventing Venezuelan and Iranian proliferation

The dramatic showdown between…routes emanating from Venezuela.

ICNND 2009** (International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, chaired by Gareth Evans and Yoriko Kawaguchi, //Eliminating Nuclear Threats,[])//
 * Prolif causes nuclear war

Ensuring that no new states… cross-cutting sources of conflict. **Scenario 3 is Organized Crime:** Brookings 8** (The Brookings Institution. November. Rethinking. U.S.–Latin American Relations: A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World[])
 * Hemispheric relations is key to solving organized crime

Crime and insecurity are… other forms of crime. CSIS 9** (CEnter for Strategic and International Studies, "Revolution 6 - Conflict," Global Strategy Institute," gsi.csis.org/index.php?Itemid=59&id=30&option=com_content&task=view)
 * Organized crime makes nuclear and CBW warfare inevitable – outweighs the risk of state-state warfare


 * The shift from interstate…**deterring the nefarious ones.

** Organized crime is a critical source of terrorist support ** ** Zaitseva 7 **  (Lyudmila, Center for International Security and Cooperation Visting Fellow, "Organized Crime, Terrorism and Nuclear Trafficking," Strategic Insights, Volume VI, Issue 5, August, [])

The merging of international…the nuclear black market.

Ayson 2010** (Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
 * Nuclear terrorist attack causes super power war

A terrorist nuclear attack… with a devastating response.


 * SOCCER AFF:**

Observation 1: The SQuo

Status quo visa policy makes it difficult for all athletes to get visas.
 * __NYT__** **__06__**. Jere Longman, Foreign Runners Find Getting to Race Can Be Hardest Step, New York Times, November 5, 2006, at[] *njs*

__Since__ the terrorist… __now__, agents said

Plan Text: Resolved: the United States Federal Government should substantially increase the number of its P1 and P4 employment-based immigrant visas.

Module 1: Soft Power

Soft power can rebound despite downward fluctuations, the U.S. is able to recover
 * //Nye 06//**. Joseph S. Nye Jr. [Distinguished Service Professor and former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University], “Hard Power, Soft Power, and the Future of Transatlantic Relations,” edited by Thomas L. Ilgen [Professor of political studies, Pitzer College; PhD], at 26 *njs*

__American skeptics about…__ our hard power.

Hard power doesn’t cut it. Soft power is key to hegemony, the war on terror, and solving warming and disease.
 * __Nye 08__**. Joseph S. Nye Jr. [Distinguished Service Professor and former Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University], Security and Smart Power, 51 American Behavioral Scientist, 1351-1356, March 3, 20 08  , at [] *njs*

Etzioni is correct… one for Iran.

Soccer solves soft power. **Irons 06**. John S. Irons [Research and Policy Director, Economic Policy Institute; B.A. (Economics) Swathmore; Ph.D. (Economics) MIT], Does the World Cup Get the Economic Ball Rolling?, Center for American Progress June 8, 2006, at 7 *njs*

__Because soccer truly…__ the negotiation table.

Module 2: North Korea

North Korea is dying to escalate in the SQuo.
 * __Bandow 10__**. Doug Bandow [Senior Fellow, CATO Institute, author; former special assistant to President Reagan], The U.S.-South Korea Alliance Outdated, Unnecessary, and Dangerous, 90 CATO Institute Foreign Policy Briefing, July 14, 2010, 2-3, at [] *njs*

And yet, __while… of these objectives.__

North Korea’s sinking of the Cheonan might be the last straw
 * __Daily Telegraph 10__**. Peter Foster and Malcolm Moore, North Korea threatens 'all-out war' over warship sinking report, The Daily Telegraph, May 20, 2010, at[] *njs*

__In__ the most… off after this."

North Korea war goes nuclear
 * __ Ogura & Oh 97 __** . Toshimura Ogura [Economics Professor, Toyama University] and Ingyu Oh [Economics Professor, Toyama University], Nuclear clouds over the Korea peninsula and Japan, Monthly Review, April 1997, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/m..._19693242/pg_8 Monthly Review, findarticles.com *njs*

__North Korea, South… into a global conflagration.__

Soccer is key to solving North Korea/South Korea relations.
 * __AP 10__**. The Associated Press, Tensions test Korean sports diplomacy, ESPNsoccernet, at [] *njs*

__Soccer could be…__ cheering for us?"

Module 3: Feminism

The patriarchy reinforces gender stereotypes, demanding militant otherization.
 * __ Clark 04 __** . Mary E. Clark in 2004 [Druce French Cumbie Chair in Conflict Resolution at the Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University; Ph.D., UC-Berkley], Rhetoric, Patriarchy & War: Explaining the Dangers of “Leadership” in Mass Culture, 27 Women and Language *njs*

__ Today's Western patriarchal… us" into compliance. __

Sport is a venue to critique gender issues.
 * __Sever 05__**. Carlie Sever [Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex], Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), Gender & Sport: Mainstreaming Gender in Sports Projects (2005), at 4 *njs*

__Sport is a social…__ __engages in sports.__

Soccer is a breeding ground for feminism.
 * __Majumdar 04__**. Boria Majumdar [Senior Research Fellow, University of Central Lancashire; DPhil, history, University of Oxford; Rhodes Scholar], Forwards and Backwards: Women’s Soccer in Twentieth-Century Indian, in Fan Hong and J. A. Mangan [Eds.], Soccer, Women, Sexual Liberation: Kicking Off a New Era 96 (2004) *njs*

A history of women’s…post-independence India.

Module 4: Solvency

Policy change is the first step of structural change. Simply by proposing a policy we have begun the transformational process. The ballot is the method of affirming the value of that transformation and integrating our perspective into politics. **Reardon 93**. Betty Rearden [Director of Peace Education Program at Columbia University], Women and Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security, 1993, 166 I have tried…vulnerability, equity, and protection.

Sport can create lasting social change.
 * __Fein 10__**. Bruce Fein [Resident Scholar, Turkish Coalition of America; Former Associate Deputy Attorney General], No Repeal in Arizona SB 1070, No World Cup, Huffington Post, June 2, 2010, [] *njs*

__ International sport can…For the World." __

Soccer solves war; empirically proven. **Gorcey 08**. Ryan Gorcey [Correspondent, Bleacher Report; B.A., English, University of California – Berkley; former columnist, The Daily Californian], How Soccer Stopped The Great War, Bleacher Report, December 24, 2008, [] *njs*

__It’s the morning… World Cup truces.__

__**TRAFFICKING AFF:**__

__OBSERVATION 1: INHERENCY__ __There Have Been Few T Visas Requests in the Status Quo Because of the Flaws in the T.V.P.A.__ __Olsen, 2008 (Lisa, journalist for Houston Chronicle, Sex trafficking victims’ lives are held in visa limbo,__ __Houston Chronicle. Nov. 24, 2008,__ __http:// [|www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/immigration/6129019.html] ) Nationwide, 1,924 people got services … for a visa can be long. The “force, fraud, and coercion language” of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act violates the UN Protocol on Trafficking Giampolo 2006 (Angela D., J.D. @ Temple, “THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2005: THE LATEST WEAPON IN THE FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING,” 16 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 195, Lexis)BB International bodies and international… social services and immigration relief. Thus, the plan: The United States Federal Government should amend the Trafficking Victims Protection Act to adopt the standards for trafficking provided by the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. OBSERVATION 2: ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGE 1: TERRORISM US incorporation of the UN Protocol is key to an international response to trafficking Chuang 10 Assistant Professor of Law, American University Janie, “RESCUING TRAFFICKING FROM IDEOLOGICAL CAPTURE: PROSTITUTION REFORM AND ANTI- TRAFFICKING LAW AND POLICY,” 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1655)BB Neo-abolitionist advocacy has … prostitution perpetuates this confusion and inconsistency. Implementing the UN Protocol is key to data sharing networks Chuang 10 Assistant Professor of Law, American University Janie, “RESCUING TRAFFICKING FROM IDEOLOGICAL CAPTURE: PROSTITUTION REFORM AND ANTI- TRAFFICKING LAW AND POLICY,” 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1655)BB The application of a uniform definition … confusion and inconsistency in this regard. Increased data sharing is key to check terrorist organizations Keefer 06 United States Army Colonel Sandra L. “HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND THE IMPACT ON NATIONAL SECURITY FOR THE UNITED STATES,” USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT, [] ? Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA448573)BB As in our war on terrorism… with the legitimate economy. Terrorism causes extinction Alexander ‘03 [Yonah, Director of Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, Washington Times, August 28, LN] Last week's brutal suicide … there is no survival.” ADVANTAGE 2: TREATY CREDIBILITY Treaty credibility is key to hegemony Culpepper 10 J.D. candidate @ Vanderbilt Brent, “Missed Opportunity: Congress's Attempted Response to the World's Demand for the Violence Against Women Act,” 43 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 733, Lexis)BB The Supreme Court has … legislation originating in international law. US Hegemony solves multiple scenarios of war—the alternative is not multipolarity, it’s a world of chaos. Ferguson 04. Niall Ferguson, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, Professor of History, Harvard. “A World Without Power.” Foreign Policy Magazine July/August 2004 So what is left? Waning … such a not-so-new world disorder. Put away your Kritik, we solve for it—Only US Heg can challenge traditional hierarchies Bonnett 06 Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Volume 32, Issue 7 September 2006, pages 1083 – 1103 “The Americanisation of Anti-Racism? Global Power and Hegemony in Ethnic Equity” Alastair Bonnett is Professor of Social Geography at the University of Newcastle The notion that anti-racism … to intellectually and politically explicate. ADVANTAGE 3: PATRIARCHY Women are uniquely vulnerable to trafficking because of their low economic and social status Haynes, Assistant Professor of Law at New England Law, 08 (Dina Francesca, ARTICLE: (NOT) FOUND CHAINED TO A BED IN A BROTHEL: CONCEPTUAL, LEGAL, AND PROCEDURAL FAILURES TO FULFILL THE PROMISE OF THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT,” Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Spring 2007, Lexis, mrw) It is certainly true that … and immigration status vulnerability. The patriarchy emphasizes dehumanization based on hierarchies and violent otherization-two preconditions to war Reardon, 1985 (Betty, Director of Peace Education Program at Columbia, Sexism and the War System, Syracuse University Press, pg 40) The continuation of warfare … defenses for human survival. Policy change is the first step of structural change. Simply by proposing a policy we have begun the transformational process. The ballot is the method of affirming the value of that transformation and integrating our perspective into politics. Reardon, 1993 (Betty, Director of Peace Education Program at Columbia University, Women and Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security, pg 166) I have tried to make … vulnerability, equity, and protection. OBSERVATION 3: SOLVENCY “Force, fraud, and coercion” is impossible to prove – removing the standard is necessary to solve Bartow 08 Professor of Law at the University of South Carolina School of Law (Ann, “Another Overview of William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (the TVPRA)” November 3rd 2008) [] The TVPA has not … coercion very difficult to prove. Put away your politics DA—solving for trafficking has bipartisan support Hyland 01 J.D. candidate, Washington College of Law, American University --The author is grateful to the President's Interagency Council on Women for its guidance Kelly, Protecting Human Victims of Trafficking: An American Framework 16 Berkeley Women's L.J. 29 lexis On November 8, 1999, Representative … of women worldwide. Increasing eligibility for T visas won’t open the floodgates of immigration. Haynes, Assistant Professor of Law at New England Law, 08 (Dina Francesca, ARTICLE: (NOT) FOUND CHAINED TO A BED IN A BROTHEL: CONCEPTUAL, LEGAL, AND PROCEDURAL FAILURES TO FULFILL THE PROMISE OF THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT,” Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Spring 2007, Lexis, mrw) Much of the lack … concern about floodgates opening.__