Mary+Washington+MM+(Patrick+McCleary+and+Colin+McElhinny)+Aff

toc =Districts=

Round 1 - H-1B Aff v GMU OO
1ac (Same as Kentucky): USFG should lift the cap on H-1B visas. Trade (Protectionism, Multilateralism), Cyber (Econ, Meltdowns, Miscalculation) Judge: Martin Oswald 1nc: T (Infinity not a number), T (Must Create a Visa), Overpop, Terror, Fem K, Indian Relations Bad 2nc: Fem K 1nr: Case Debate 2nr: Fem K

Round 3 - H-1B Aff v Liberty BW
1ac (Same as Kentucky): USFG should lift the cap on H-1B visas. Trade (Protectionism, Multilateralism), Cyber (Econ, Meltdowns, Miscalculation) Judge: Nate Cohn 1nc: ASpec, Courts, SKFTA, Overshoot, Dedev, case defense 2nc: Dedev, case defense 1nr: SKFTA 2nr: SKFTA, case defense

Round 5 - H-1B Aff v James Madison HK
1ac (Same as Kentucky): USFG should lift the cap on H-1B visas. Trade (Protectionism, Multilateralism), Cyber (Econ, Meltdowns, Miscalculation) Judge: Jomel Angat 1nc: State Compacts CP, Obama Bad (Oil Drilling, Winners win), China Brain Drain, Trade (Doha tanks DSB cred, defense), Cyber (defense) 2ac: Space Add On 2nc: CP, case 1nr: Politics 2nr: CP, DSB Cred Turn

Space Add On
Funding exists, but massive workforce shortages are crippling the aerospace industry. H-1Bs are key. AIAA ‘10 (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, “Recruiting, Retaining, and Developing a World-Class Aerospace Workforce: An AIAA Information Paper,” 3-9-10, [], accessed 10-29-10) PM    Aerospace represents about $200 billion AND a year  4 – is not enough. Space exploration is inevitable, but US commercialization prevents space militarization Brown, Masters of Science from Rajaratnam School of International Studies @ Nanyang Technological University, 9 [Trevor Brown, Spring 2009, Air & Space Power Journal “Soft Power and Space Weaponization,” http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj09/spr09/brown.html, accessed 10-25-10, CMM)   The planet-wide eagerness to AND space capabilities and retain soft power.

Triggers preemptive space wars Martel, Professor of national security affairs @ Naval War College, and, Yoshihara Research fellow at the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 3 (William C. Martel & Toshi Yoshihara, Autumn 2003, The Washington Quarterly, 26:4, “Averting a Sino-U.S.Space Race,” pg. 26-27, http://www.twq.com/03autumn/docs/03autumn_martel.pdf, accessed 10-25-10, CMM)

Strategists in the U nited S  tates and AND that provide warning of missile launches.

Space wars have the highest magnitude. Mitchell, et al, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh, 1 (Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, “Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, No. 6 July, http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/Mitchelletal2001b.pdf, pages 8-9, accessed 10-25-10, CMM)

Deployment of space weapons with predelegated AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">most destructive military conflict ever seen.

2ac - State Compacts
Can’t be a trade concession Cooper, CRS, International Trade and Finance Specialist, 2010 (William H., Congressional Research Service, 4/7/10, “Trade in Services: The Doha Development Agenda Negotiations and U.S. Goals” fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/142770.pdf [accessed 7/26/10]) The <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">mode-4 issue has AND bilateral or multilateral trade agreements. 27 Doesn’t solve trade leadership – timeframe deficit, and negotiating credibility – the impact is multilateralism Wishnie, Yale Law, 2001 (Michael J., Clinical Law, Immigration Expert, “Laboratories of bigotry? Devolution of the immigration power, equal protection, and federalism.” New York University Law Review 76: 493 lesix [accessed 10/8/10])

In addition to immigration law precedent AND exercise the delegated power do so?

5. Certainty DA   A. CP kills it    Ford, JD candidate at St. John’s, 5 Matthew, “John Roberts, Stare Decisis, and the Return of Lochner: An Impetus to Jump-Start the Labor Movement.” 9-18-05, [], accessed 11-3-10) PM

Our common law system is based AND the ruling is to start trouble. B. Plan solves it  Endelman, PhD in History at Delaware, et al ‘9 (Gary, and Cyrus Mehta, “The Path Less Taken: Is There an Alternative Way to Waiting for Comprehensive Immigration Reform ?” 2009, [], accessed 11-1-10) PM

USCIS does not have to define AND angst is surely worth the effort. Certainty key to Doha Palmer, Reuters, 1-5-11 [Doug, “2011 could be Obama’s year of trade” [], accessed 1-5-11, TP]

The three FTA <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">countries will be AND the Peterson Institute for International Economics. <span style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT,serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Uncertainty means immigrants don’t come Papademetriou, Migration Policy Institute, et al, ‘8 (Demetrious, Will Somerville, Hiroyuki Tanaka, “Talent In the 21st Century,” November 2008, [], accessed 11-1-10) PM

The first element, that of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">AND   ultimate decision about settlement and citizenship. no federalism <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A. Economic recession <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinan and Gamkhar 9 , (John, Professor of Government-Wake Forest and Shama, Professor of Public Affairs-University of Texas. The State of American Federalism 2008–2009: The Presidential Election, the Economic Downturn, and the Consequences for Federalism. Publius the Journal of Federalism. http://publius.oxfordjournals.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/cgi/content/full/39/3/369)

In each of these areas, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">AND to keeping homeowners in their houses.

B. Obama is stealing state jurisdiction <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinan and Gamkhar 9 , (John, Professor of Government-Wake Forest and Shama, Professor of Public Affairs-University of Texas. The State of American Federalism 2008–2009: The Presidential Election, the Economic Downturn, and the Consequences for Federalism. Publius the Journal of Federalism.http://publius.oxfordjournals.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/cgi/content/full/39/3/369)

Moreover, momentum began to build AND federal bailout money (Andrews 2009Go)

C. Stimulus Carroll 09 (Conn, Assistant Director for The Heritage Foundation's Strategic Communications.“The End of Federalism: Big Labor Edition”, 5/11/09, [] .)

Last week we noted that the AND you, now runs your state.

2ac - Obama Bad (Winners Win)
Win inevitable – SKFTA Dayen, Fire Dog Lake, 2-3-11 [David, “When All You Have Left Defending You Is Max Baucus” [], accessed 2-3-11, TP]

Virtually <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">every time that <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Republicans or AND Baucus, you don’t have much. AND, Tucson speech Dickinson, Middlebury College political science professor and presidential scholar, 11 [Matthew, 1-23-11, Presidential Power, “A Tale of Two Speeches,” [], accessed 2-5-11, AFB]

The post-Arizona shooting speeches AND the latest manifestation of this phenomenon. Political capital doesn’t come back Porter, Slant staff writer, 9/22/ 2009 [Ethan, "Obama’s political capital problem," http://trueslant.com/ethanporter/2009/09/22/obamas-political-capital-problem/, 9/25] But as Mark Twain pointed outAND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">can be perilously short-lived.

Winners lose on immigration Daniel Tichenor , Oregon University Social Science Professor, and Wayne Morse Law and Politics Center Senior Fellow, July 200  9  , "Navigating an American Minefield: The Politics of Illegal Immigration," The Forum, 7.3, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss3/, 8/12/10

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bush had <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">pursued  comprehensive <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">immigration reform AND reform <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">agenda and his <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">party’s future.

Winner’s lose in the new Congress Real Clear Politics, 12-29 , 2010, (Tony Blankley, “No Clintonian Comeback for Obama”, PAS) [] 12-28-10

Clinton gave himself that compliment after AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">his formidable opposition across the country.

=Districts Disclosure=

Most Recent Version (Kentucky)
Plan: The United States federal government should lift the cap on H-1B visas.

Contention 1 is Doha

Service negotiations are key to United States leadership on trade by concluding Doha – solves multilateralism. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Baldwin, former panel member of experts <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">to advise the Director-General of the WTO on the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Doha round, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10 [Robert E., 5/17/2010, “The world trading system without American leadership,” [], Accessed 9-11-10, WHS]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Since the signing of the General AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ag ricultural <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">and non-ag ricultural <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">goods.

Roadblocks in other areas means services have to come first <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Schott, Peterson Institute for International Economics senior fellow, 2010 [Jeffrey J., Member, Trade and Environment Adivsory Committee since 2003, senior fellow in international trade poicy and economic sanctions, State Dept. International Economic Policy Advisory cmte., former GATT negotiator for U.S., 3/12/10, “Finishing Doha: The PIIE Parameters”]

Steve Weisman: You propose that AND big winner in the Doha Round.

They are key to make India, China, and others commit <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Banerjee, The Financial Express, 10 [Ronojoy, 8-18-10, “India, China want services on par with agri goods at WTO,” [], Accessed 9-7-10, WHS] In a radical shift in policy AND not enough anymore,” he added.

They spillover to other negotiations <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Betts, Oxford IR research fellow, and Nicolaidis, Oxford European Studies Center Director, 2009 [Alexander, Director, Global Migraton Governance Project, Senior Researcher, Global Economic Governance Programme, Research Associate of the Refugee Studies Centre, Centre for Migration, Policy and Society, and the Centre for International Studies, and Kalypso, Chair, South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX), Chair, Global Trade Ethics project, “The Trade-Migration Linkage: GATS Mode IV,” memo prepared for the ‘Global Trade Ethics Conference’, presented 2/19/2009, [] [accessed 7/30/10]

The <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">multilateral negotiations on Mode IV AND agrinama and the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">other GATS modes.

Raising the cap on H-1Bs would be a concession to India and others, moving negotiations forward. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Betts and Nicolaidis, 9 (Alexander, Director, Global Migraton Governance Project, Senior Researcher, Global Economic Governance Programme, Research Associate of the Refugee Studies Centre, Centre for Migration, Policy and Society, and the Centre for International Studies, and Kalypso, Chair, South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX), Chair, Global Trade Ethics project, “The Trade-Migration Linkage: GATS Mode IV,” memo prepared for the ‘Global Trade Ethics Conference’, presented 2/19/2009, [] [accessed 7/30/10])

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">For a country like India, AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">to justify  <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">wider  market access <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">concessions.

The economic benefits of labor migration garner developing country support <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Broude, Hebrew University of Jerusalem <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Law and IR Professor, 7 (Tomer, “THE WTO/GATS MODE 4, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR MIGRATION REGIMES AND GLOBAL JUSTICE”, [|www.worldtradelaw.net/articles/broudemode4.pdf] [accessed 9/11/10])

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The potential benefits of increased international AND (Charlton and Stiglitz, 2004).

Services provide political support for developed country ratification <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Schott et al., 9 [Jeffrey, M. Adler, C. Brunel, G. Hufbauer, August, “What’s on the Table? The Doha Round as of August 2009,” [], Accessed 9-12-10, WHS] In large measure, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">services have AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">to ensure ratification by national legislatures.

Multilateralism solves an coming great power war. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Dyer, University of London Military History PhD, 200<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4 (Gwynne, 12/30/4, "The end of war," Toronto Star, l/n [accessed 8/15/10])

War is deeply embedded in our AND context of the existing state system.

Failure at Doha collapses WTO credibility causing trade blocs to spread <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bluestein, journalist at the Brookings Institution's Global Economy and Development Program, 10 [Paul, January/February, “R.I.P, WTO,” [], Accessed 9-7-10, WHS]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">If Doha falls apart, the AND WTO rulings and flouting their commitments.

And 2011 is key opportunity before Doha collapses completely. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">The Telegraph (India), <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">12-28 -10 (“Hint of hope for Doha round,” http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101229/jsp/business/story_13364284.jsp, accessed 12-28-10, CMM)

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Trade ministers of key member countries AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">political push, which is contentious.

Protectionism makes political rivalries and conflict inevitable – empirics all go aff Stewart <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Patrick <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, **<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 12pt;">CFR International Institutions Director **** and Senior Fellow, ** 3/13/200 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">9 , "Protecting Free Trade," http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=21084

President Obama has committed to working AND all major developed and developing countries.

Fragmentation of the trade order empirically causes conflict that escalate globally <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Cho, Assistant Law Professor Chicago-Kent, 200<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">7 [Sungjoon, Illinois Institute of Technology "Doha's Development," 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 165]

Second, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">the mercantilist nature of AND errors and are punished for them.

Globalization is inevitable, but institutions like the WTO are key to check bullying of developing countries – the alternative is marginalization of the global South <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Legrain, WTO Director General Special adviser, December <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2K [Philippe, "Should the WTO be Abolished," http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2465/is_9_30/ai_68742882/print]

A convincing case for the WTO's AND than their counterparts 30 years ago.

The WTO is comparatively better than any alternative <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Panitchpakdi, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2/26/20<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">04 [Supachai, former Director-General of the WTO, "To Director General American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?" http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm]

Besides, **__<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">what is the alternative AND __** prosperity, a more just world.

WTO credibility solves conflict escalation – countries will take disputes there instead of going to war with one another <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Lawrence, Harvard JFK Government School <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">International Trade and Investment Professor , National Economic Research Bureau Research Associate, Former President's Council of Economic Advisers (1998-2000), Former Brookings Institutions Senior Fellow, March 200 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">7 [Robert, "The United States and the WTO Dispute Settlement System," Council on Foreign Relations]

The WTO provides more benefits to AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: silver; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">a whole could be severely <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: silver; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">damaged.

Protectionism is escalating – concluding Doha is key to solve Elliott, The Guardian, 1-27-11 (Larry, “WTO head Pascal Lamy warns of looming protectionism without world trade agreement,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/jan/27/wto-pascal-lamy-looming-threat-protectionism, accessed 1-31-11, CMM)

Tensions in the global currency markets AND easing that the crisis has triggered."

SKFTA won’t solve Doha or multilateralism Van Der Merwe, Engineering News, 2-3-11 [Christy, “Lamy wants to accelerate Doha talks” [], accessed 2-3-11, TP]

World Trade Organisation (WTO) AND tomorrow. Now,” he said.

Contention Two is Cyber terror

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">NPR, 20<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10 [ [|Tom Gjelten] July 19th “Cyberwarrior Shortage Threatens U.S. Security” Accessed 9/21/10 [] JCP]
 * The US is vulnerable to an attack because of a shortage of qualified workers – funding and training are insufficient. **

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">There may be no country on AND to system failures and malicious acts ."

There are thousands of attacks every hour it is only a matter of time <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Times Online, 0<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">7 [September 8, 2007 China’s cyber army is preparing to march on America, says Pentagon Accessed 5/8/09 [] JCP

After the attacks, computer security AND aggressive in this,” he said.

A successful cyber attack would cause an economic disaster <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Posner, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">University of Chicago Law Senior Lecturer, 0<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4 [Richard, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, pg 85-86 JCP]

"<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">More than 800,AND could trigger a major economic depression.

Economic collapse leads to global war. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Lind <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-weight: normal;">, New America Foundation Economic <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/20 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10 [Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv]

If history is any guide, AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">is all <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">too easy to imagine.

Miscalculation goes nuclear <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Coleman, Technology Management Consultant, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">8 [Kevin, November, “Department of Cyber Defense: An organization who’s time has come!,” [], Accessed 11-5-10, WHS]

Each and every day there AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">use of weapons of mass destruction!

A cyberattack would cause nuclear reactor meltdowns <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Smith, Worldwide Writer, 3 (Charles R., “Cyber Terror” Tuesday Aug 19 2003 http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/8/19/121729.shtml)

Al-Qaeda sources announced that AND **__that operate your electric power do.__**

And, meltdowns cause extinction <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Caldicott, 94 (Helen, __Nuclear Madness: What You Can Do__, pg 21-22)

As a physician, I contend AND the world’s pro-nuclear policies.

Money is insufficient, H1Bs key to solve cyber security threats- they bring workers and innovators. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Piper, Washington Internet Daily, 0<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9 [Greg, Washington Internet Daily Staff Writer, October 21, “Ex-Officials Tell Entrepreneurs How to Pitch Cybersecurity to Feds,” WASHINGTON INTERNET DAILY Vol. 10 No. 202 JCP]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Companies providing cybersecurity solutions will be AND Lt. General //Minihan// (retired)

K Version
Plan: The United States federal government should lift the cap on H-1B visas.

Contention 1 is Doha

Service negotiations are key to United States leadership on trade by concluding Doha – solves multilateralism. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Baldwin, former panel member of experts <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">to advise the Director-General of the WTO on the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Doha round, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10 [Robert E., 5/17/2010, “The world trading system without American leadership,” [], Accessed 9-11-10, WHS]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Since the signing of the General AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ag ricultural <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">and non-ag ricultural <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">goods.

Roadblocks in other areas means services have to come first <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Schott, Peterson Institute for International Economics senior fellow, 2010 [Jeffrey J., Member, Trade and Environment Adivsory Committee since 2003, senior fellow in international trade poicy and economic sanctions, State Dept. International Economic Policy Advisory cmte., former GATT negotiator for U.S., 3/12/10, “Finishing Doha: The PIIE Parameters”]

Steve Weisman: You propose that AND big winner in the Doha Round.

They are key to make India, China, and others commit <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Banerjee, The Financial Express, 8-18 [Ronojoy, “India, China want services on par with agri goods at WTO,” [], Accessed 9-7-10, WHS] In a radical shift in policy AND not enough anymore,” he added.

They spillover to other negotiations <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Betts, Oxford IR research fellow, and Nicolaidis, Oxford European Studies Center Director, 2009 [Alexander, Director, Global Migraton Governance Project, Senior Researcher, Global Economic Governance Programme, Research Associate of the Refugee Studies Centre, Centre for Migration, Policy and Society, and the Centre for International Studies, and Kalypso, Chair, South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX), Chair, Global Trade Ethics project, “The Trade-Migration Linkage: GATS Mode IV,” memo prepared for the ‘Global Trade Ethics Conference’, presented 2/19/2009, [] [accessed 7/30/10]

The <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">multilateral negotiations on Mode IV AND agrinama and the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">other GATS modes.

Raising the cap on H-1Bs would be a concession to India and others, moving negotiations forward. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Betts and Nicolaidis, 9 (Alexander, Director, Global Migraton Governance Project, Senior Researcher, Global Economic Governance Programme, Research Associate of the Refugee Studies Centre, Centre for Migration, Policy and Society, and the Centre for International Studies, and Kalypso, Chair, South East European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX), Chair, Global Trade Ethics project, “The Trade-Migration Linkage: GATS Mode IV,” memo prepared for the ‘Global Trade Ethics Conference’, presented 2/19/2009, [] [accessed 7/30/10])

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">For a country like India, AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">to justify  <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">wider  market access <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">concessions.

The economic benefits of labor migration garner developing country support <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Broude, Hebrew University of Jerusalem <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Law and IR Professor, 7 (Tomer, “THE WTO/GATS MODE 4, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR MIGRATION REGIMES AND GLOBAL JUSTICE”, [|www.worldtradelaw.net/articles/broudemode4.pdf] [accessed 9/11/10])

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The potential benefits of increased international AND (Charlton and Stiglitz, 2004).

Services provide political support for developed country ratification <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Schott et al., 9 [Jeffrey, M. Adler, C. Brunel, G. Hufbauer, August, “What’s on the Table? The Doha Round as of August 2009,” [], Accessed 9-12-10, WHS] In large measure, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">services have AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">to ensure ratification by national legislatures.

Multilateralism solves an coming great power war. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Dyer, University of London Military History PhD, 200<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4 (Gwynne, 12/30/4, "The end of war," Toronto Star, l/n [accessed 8/15/10])

War is deeply embedded in our AND context of the existing state system.

Failure at Doha collapses WTO credibility causing trade blocs to spread <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bluestein, journalist at the Brookings Institution's Global Economy and Development Program, 10 [Paul, January/February, “R.I.P, WTO,” [], Accessed 9-7-10, WHS]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">If Doha falls apart, the AND WTO rulings and flouting their commitments.

And 2011 is key opportunity before Doha collapses completely. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">The Telegraph (India), <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">12-28 -10 (“Hint of hope for Doha round,” http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101229/jsp/business/story_13364284.jsp, accessed 12-28-10, CMM)

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Trade ministers of key member countries AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">political push, which is contentious.

Protectionism makes political rivalries and conflict inevitable – empirics all go aff Stewart <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Patrick <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, **<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 12pt;">CFR International Institutions Director **** and Senior Fellow, ** 3/13/200 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">9 , "Protecting Free Trade," http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=21084

President Obama has committed to working AND all major developed and developing countries.

Fragmentation of the trade order empirically causes conflict that escalate globally <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Cho, Assistant Law Professor Chicago-Kent, 200<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">7 [Sungjoon, Illinois Institute of Technology "Doha's Development," 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 165]

Second, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">the mercantilist nature of AND errors and are punished for them.

Doha solves climate change Martin, Lead Economist of the World Bank Development Project, et al, ‘10 (Will, member of the GTAP advisory board, Powell Award recipient for outstanding work with the World Bank and GTAP, PhD in economics from Iowa State, edited four books on the WTO and developing countries, Bernard Hoekman and Aaditya Mattoo, both economists at the World Bank, “Conclude Doha: It Matters!” //World Trade Review//, Vol. 9, Iss. 3, July 2010, accessed 10-1-10, pg. 1) PM

The <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Doha Round <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">must be concluded  AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">implications of climate change  mitigation. »

Extinction Tickell 8 (Oliver, Climate Researcher. The Gaurdian, 11 Aug. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange) We need to get prepared for AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">us towards a similar hothouse Earth.

Contention 2 is World Trade

Plan is key to solve Dispute Settlement Board credibility Martin, Lead Economist of the World Bank Development Project, et al, ‘10 (Will, member of the GTAP advisory board, Powell Award recipient for outstanding work with the World Bank and GTAP, PhD in economics from Iowa State, edited four books on the WTO and developing countries, Bernard Hoekman and Aaditya Mattoo, both economists at the World Bank, “Conclude Doha: It Matters!” //World Trade Review//, Vol. 9, Iss. 3, July 2010, accessed 10-1-10, pg. 3) PM

Finally, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">there are potentially important AND context of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">food and financial crises.

Globalization is inevitable, but institutions like the WTO are key to check bullying of developing countries – the alternative is marginalization of the global South <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Legrain, WTO Director General Special adviser, December <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2000 [Philippe, "Should the WTO be Abolished," http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2465/is_9_30/ai_68742882/print]

A convincing case for the WTO's AND than their counterparts 30 years ago.

Regional shift locks in destructive forms of liberalization and exploitation BIOTHAI (Biodiversity Action Thailand), **__ and __**  GRAIN , bilaterals.org, international organizations composed of anti-FTA activists, February 200  8 ["Fighting FTAs," []]

While some may see the bewildering AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, social and environmental policy frameworks <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 8pt;">.

DSB credibility solves any reasons why free trade is bad Moore, Former WTO Head, 7/5/20  01 [Michael, " Changes in the multilateral trading system: challenges for the WTO," http://www.wto.org/french/news_f/spmm_f/spmm66_f.htm]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Globalization is not new, and AND resolution through economic or political might.

The WTO is comparatively better than any alternative <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Panitchpakdi, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2/26/20<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">04 [Supachai, former Director-General of the WTO, "To Director General American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?" http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm]

Besides, **__<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">what is the alternative AND __** prosperity, a more just world.

Bad rules are better than no rules – absent the plan, power politics controls global trade and crushes developing countries Shadlen, London School of Economics  Development Studies Institute Political Scientist  , 4/1/200  7 [Kenneth, "Intellectual property, trade, and development: can foes be friends?," factiva]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The benefits of this sort of AND rules may be a useful exercise.

WTO credibility solves conflict escalation – countries will take disputes there instead of going to war with one another <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Lawrence, Harvard JFK Government School <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">International Trade and Investment Professor , National Economic Research Bureau Research Associate, Former President's Council of Economic Advisers (1998-2000), Former Brookings Institutions Senior Fellow, March 200 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">7 [Robert, "The United States and the WTO Dispute Settlement System," Council on Foreign Relations]

The WTO provides more benefits to AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: silver; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">a whole could be severely <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: silver; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">damaged.

Chamber of Commerce Advantage (Last Read at Navy)
Obama has just committed to improving relations with the Chamber of Commerce – but posturing isn’t enough Weisman and Williamson, Wall Street Journal, ‘10 (Jonathan and Elizabeth, “Trade Moves Up White House Agenda,” 11-14-10, [], accessed 1-11-11) PM

YOKOHAMA, Japan—During his AND said <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">what comes next is crucial.

Without high tech worker concessions, the Chamber will backlash against EPA regulations Shear, New York Times, ‘10 (Michael, “Chamber Softens Rhetoric but Will Fight Obama Regulations,” 11-17-10, [], accessed 1-11-11) PM

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The U.S. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Chamber AND  government,” Mr. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Donohue said.

They want the plan Economic Times, ‘10 (“Let Market Decide on H-1B Numbers: US Chamber of Commerce,” 8-16-10, [], accessed 1-11-11) PM

WASHINGTON: Slamming the critics of AND, an eminent think-tank.

That creates leverage for Obama to negotiate with the Chamber over EPA regulations – key to make them back down Nicholas, Tribune Washington Bureau, ‘10 (Peter, LA Times, “White House Accused of Urging Businesses to Quit Chamber of Commerce,” 12-2-10, [], accessed 1-11-11) PM

Since taking office nearly two years AND when Obama can address chamber members.

Plan is a QPQ that causes Commerce to drop their stance on the EPA Scheiber, Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation, ‘10 (Noam, New Republic, “Obama’s Hold On Big Business,” 12-2-10, [], accessed 1-11-11) PM

It’s hard to see how. AND want them, Mr. President.

Chamber of Commerce will delay implementation and kill effectiveness Jay, Climate Science Watch, ‘10 (Alexa, “Climategate Lives on in Federal Court Challenges to EPA Greenhouse Gas Regulations,” 11-16-10, [], accessed 1-11-11) PM

With all hopes for passage of AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">chance to be overturned in court.

EPA regulations are inevitable, but not stopping Commerce means those regulations can’t solve warming Sheppard, Mother Jones’ Washington Bureau, ‘10 (Kate, “The Chamber of Commerce vs. Climate Science,” 3-1-10, [], accessed 1-11-11) PM

Legally, the chamber and its AND getting a little bit of traction."

Global consensus verified by multiple studies and satellites prove warming is real and anthropogenic. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Rahmstorf, Potsdam University oceanic physics professor, 2008 [Richard. Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto. Edited by Ernesto Zedillo. “Anthropogenic Climate Change?” Page 42-49]

It is time to turn to AND with which we need to deal.

Action by 2012 prevents runaway warming which causes resource wars, disease, starvation, and extinction <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Stokes, scientist and researcher in warming, 2007 (John, extensive research on global warming, the Canadian “Over 4.5 Billion people could die from Global Warming-related causes by 2012” [])

A recent scientific theory called the AND a greed-driven <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">horrific catastrophe.

Courts
3. Congressional authority key to negotiating credibility – the impact is trade blocs and global conflict Cooper, CRS, International Trade and Finance Specialist, 2010 (William H., Congressional Research Service, 4/7/10, “Trade in Services: The Doha Development Agenda Negotiations and U.S. Goals” fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/142770.pdf [accessed 7/26/10])

The <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">mode-4 issue has AND bilateral or multilateral trade agreements. 27

The CP is literally impossible Yujuico, Research Fellow, LSE, 2008 (Emmanuel, Research Fellow in Southeast Asia International Affairs, London School of Economics, IPE Zone Author "The Battle Over Mode 4 Migration at the Doha Round" [|http://ipezone.blogspot.com/2008/05/battle-over-mode-4-migration-at-doha.html#] [accessed 8/1/10])

The bottom line is that <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">the AND of Mode 4 from the US.

5. CP triggers Congressional backlash and stripping – seen as a break from court precedent Devins, William and Mary Professor of Law and Government, '06 [ Neal, Maryland Law Review, "Smoke, Not Fire," 65 Md. L. Rev. 197, l/n]

In the meantime, the Rehnquist AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">relations are not yet upon us.

6. Links to politics Campbell, Government Professor, 2K (Colton, CONGRESS CONFRONTS THE COURTS, p. 22)

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The final <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">situation in which the AND touch is unlikely to be respected.

8. No test case means no CP Neomi  Rao ,  GMU Assistant Law Professor,  Spring 200  9  , "PRESIDENTIAL POWER IN THE 21ST CENTURY SYMPOSIUM: ARTICLE: THE PRESIDENT'S SPHERE OF ACTION," 45 Willamette L. Rev. 527, lexis

By contrast, as discussed aboveAND energy" belongs with the executive.

9. Congress key to certainty Endelman, PhD in History at Delaware, et al ‘9 (Gary, and Cyrus Mehta, “The Path Less Taken: Is There an Alternative Way to Waiting for Comprehensive Immigration Reform ?” 2009, [], accessed 11-1-10) PM

USCIS does not have to define AND angst is surely worth the effort.

Certainty key to Doha Palmer, Reuters, 1-5-11 [Doug, “2011 could be Obama’s year of trade” [], accessed 1-5-11, TP]

The three FTA <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">countries will be AND the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Uncertainty means immigrants don’t come Papademetriou, Migration Policy Institute, et al, ‘8 (Demetrious, Will Somerville, Hiroyuki Tanaka, “Talent In the 21st Century,” November 2008, [], accessed 11-1-10) PM

The first element, that of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">AND   ultimate decision about settlement and citizenship.

Commission
4. CP kills market predictability – means businesses will perceive a cap is still in place and not try to get workers Rodriguez, NYU Law Professor, ‘10 (Christina, visiting professor of law at Harvard, “Constraint Through Delegation: The Case of Executive Control Over Immigration Policy,” 3-30-10, [], accessed 9-25-10) PM

The fact that <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">an executive agency AND   balance in response to policy outcomes.

5. Congress would backlash Rodriguez, NYU Law Professor, ‘10 (Christina, visiting professor of law at Harvard, “Constraint Through Delegation: The Case of Executive Control Over Immigration Policy,” 3-30-10, [], accessed 9-25-10) PM

Whether the creation of an agency AND based endeavor to a legislative one.

Congress key to certainty Endelman, PhD in History at Delaware, et al ‘9 (Gary, and Cyrus Mehta, “The Path Less Taken: Is There an Alternative Way to Waiting for Comprehensive Immigration Reform ?” 2009, [], accessed 11-1-10) PM

USCIS does not have to define AND angst is surely worth the effort.

Certainty key to Doha Palmer, Reuters, 1-5-11 [Doug, “2011 could be Obama’s year of trade” [], accessed 1-5-11, TP]

The three FTA countries will be AND the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Uncertainty means immigrants don’t come Papademetriou, Migration Policy Institute, et al, ‘8 (Demetrious, Will Somerville, Hiroyuki Tanaka, “Talent In the 21st Century,” November 2008, [], accessed 11-1-10) PM

The first element, that of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">AND   ultimate decision about settlement and citizenship.

Certainty also means businesses don’t want to hire Cromwell, Brooklyn Law School J.D. candidate, 2009 [Courtney, Johns Hopkins University B.A 2003, 3 Brook. J. Corp. Fin. & Com. L. 455, “Friend or foe of the US Labor market: why congress should raise or eliminate the h-1b visa cap” Lexis, accessed 9-24-10, TP]

In addition to the high demand AND the abuse of the category. n175

EBs
Worster, J.D from Chicago-Kent College, 2 [William Thomas, “Conflicts Between United States Immigration Law and the General Agreement on Trade in Services: Most-Favored-Nation Obligation,” [], Accessed 9-21-10, WHS]
 * 3. Permanent migration isn’t part of MODE 4 – 100% solvency takeout **

Beginning with such an unsettled definitionAND 64 leaving the distinction somewhat unclear.

[Demetrios Papademetriou,, PHD in comparativepublic policy and international relations, convener of the transatlantic council on migration, Doris, former commissioner of the US immigration and naturalization service, Marc Rosenblum, University of New Orleans political science associate professor, and Madeleine Sumption, 5-9, “Harnessing the advantages of immigration for a 21st-century Economy: A standing commission on labor markets, economic competitiveness, and immigration” [|www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/StandingCommission_May09.pdf], accessed 7-1-10, TP]
 * 5. Links to politics – labor groups would still be upset about the plan because of a perception of lost jobs **
 * Meissner, Migration Policy Institute President, et al, ‘9 **

The US Congress has found adapting AND ends up in repeated policy stalemates.

Parole
4. CP kills market predictability – means businesses will perceive a cap is still in place and not try to get workers Cromwell, Brooklyn Law School J.D. candidate, 2009 [Courtney, Johns Hopkins University B.A 2003, 3 Brook. J. Corp. Fin. & Com. L. 455, “Friend or foe of the US Labor market: why congress should raise or eliminate the h-1b visa cap” Lexis, accessed 9-24-10, TP]

In addition to the high demand AND the abuse of the category. n175

Rollback and links to politics Antle, American Spectator associate editor, 9-21-10 [W. James, “Immigration Doublespeak” [], accessed 1-31-11, TP]

The two drafts are very similar AND proposed to pander to Latino voters ."

8. Congress key to certainty Endelman, PhD in History at Delaware, et al ‘9 (Gary, and Cyrus Mehta, “The Path Less Taken: Is There an Alternative Way to Waiting for Comprehensive Immigration Reform ?” 2009, [], accessed 11-1-10) PM

USCIS does not have to define AND angst is surely worth the effort.

Certainty key to Doha Palmer, Reuters, 1-5-11 [Doug, “2011 could be Obama’s year of trade” [], accessed 1-5-11, TP]

The three FTA <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">countries will be AND the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Uncertainty means immigrants don’t come Papademetriou, Migration Policy Institute, et al, ‘8 (Demetrious, Will Somerville, Hiroyuki Tanaka, “Talent In the 21st Century,” November 2008, [], accessed 11-1-10) PM

The first element, that of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">AND   ultimate decision about settlement and citizenship.

Politics - Obama Good
Obvi this is just the link debate...we'll read more on uniqueness and impact, unless we're straight turning =]

Obama already focusing on H-1Bs Thibodeau, Computerworld, 1-27-11 [Patrick, “Rep. Flake re-introduces bill to 'staple' green cards to Ph.D. diplomas” [], accessed 1-28-11, TP]

Obama opened the door to HAND raising the H-1B cap.

Tech lobbies like the plan – they’re key to the agenda <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Matloff, professor of Computer Science at UC Davis, 2 (Norman, “Debunking the AND 9-11-10) PM

The<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> high-tech industry <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">wields <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">AND  supporting the H-1B increase.)

Plan is bipart <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Barone, resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, ‘10 [Michael, Sr. political analyst--Washington Examiner, co-author of "The Almanac of American Politics 2010," Immigration Reform: The New Third Rail Wall Street Journal Apr 16, 2010. pg. A.19]

Mr. Bush's absence may also AND from this emotion-laden issue.

Obama won’t be tied to the plan but if he is it will boost is capital – the plan allows him to boost leadership rhetoric <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: lime; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Rich, NYT Op-Ed Columnist, 1-8-<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: lime; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">11 (Frank, “Let Obama’s Reagan Revolution Begin,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/opinion/09rich.html, accessed 1-29-11, CMM)

BARACK <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: lime; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">OBAMA’S Christmas <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: lime; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">resurrection was so <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: lime; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">AND resurrection could be over by Easter.

Protectionism
4. New internal link - Absent multilateral trade investment, trade surplus countries will resort to export restrictions Pettis, Senior Associate at Carnegie Endowment, 9/26/2010 (Michael, Finance professor at Peking University, The economist, 9/26/10, "Retaliation is Likely" http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=41628&zoom_highlight=pettis [accessed 10/3/10)

For the next several years I AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">to bully participants into good behaviour.

No risk of labor backlash – they like the plan Kay, PhD candidate at UC Berkeley, ‘3 (Tamara, “Even Labor Unions Can Benefit From Free Trade,” 12-23-03, [], accessed 9-22-10) PM

While NAFTA did not generate relationships AND labor transnationalism, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">will be compromised.

Labor backlash means Obama pushes trade harder Nagorski, EastWest Institute VP, Public Policy Director,  11/6  /10, "Flirting With Isolation," http://www.newsweek.com/2010/11/06/flirting-with-isolation-a-changing-world-view.html, access 11/6/10

The Democratic left may feel diminished AND, and don’t run from it.

Labor has no clout – low membership, unpopularity, and recession Suroweicki, The New Yorker, ‘11 (James, “State of the Unions,” 1-17-11, [], accessed 1-25-11) PM

Still, the advantages that union AND The Great Recession has crippled it.

Wage Deflation
2. Plan doesn’t trigger deflation – government stats prove <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">National Foundation for American Policy 8 [Public Policy Research Organization, March, “H-1B visas and Job Creation,” [], Accessed 9-3-10, WHS]

One issue that arises in the AND -1B <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">professionals were paid improperly.

3. Immigration increases wages, lowers prices, and solves consumer spending – subsumes and turns their link Klein, Washington Post, 10 (Ezra, 9-24-10, “The megapayoff of increased immigration is lost on politicians,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/24/AR2010092401774.html, accessed 9-24-10, CMM)

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The mistake we make when thinking AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">we want to buy go down.

7. H-1Bs only increase wages – prefer our economist research studies Anderson, Executive Director of the National Foundation for American Policy, 8-20 (Stuart, “Regaining America’s Competitive Advantage: Making our Immigration System Work,” 8-20-10, [], accessed 8-27-10) PM

Madeline <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Zavodny, a research economist AND professionals are complementary to native professionals.

We'll also read a wages down card.

Agamben
AND, The neg is locked into a view that the law is always bad – only by including the law in the kritik can we create a true understanding of state-based exclusion – that means the perm is key Daly, Australian National University Philosophy Department research fellow,  '04 Frances [borderlands e-journal, "The non-citizen and the concept of 'human rights,'" Vol. 3 No. 1, [] ]

19. If we are <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">to AND rich heritage of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">critique is sidelined.

4. High skilled immigration creates flexible citizenship that allows for increased activism that challenges the state – solves the internal link to extermination Ong, Anthropology professor at Berkeley, ‘6 (Aihwa, “Mutations in Citizenship,” //Theory, Culture, and Society//, 23.2-3, 2006, accessed 1-29-11, SagePub) PM

In contrast to the Euro zoneAND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">demands for democracy by ordinary people.

6. Their representations of the state kill alt solvency AND their representations of bare life as the end of being allows people to be considered worthless – turns their genocide impacts Neilson, University of Western Sydney social and cultural analysis lecturer, '04 [Brett, Univ. of Western Sydney Center for Cultural Research member, "Potenza Nuda? Sovereignty, Biopolitics, Capitalism," Contretemps 5, December, http://www.usyd.edu.au/contretemps/5december2004/neilson.pdf ]

For Negri, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">the danger of AND life denies the potentiality of being.

7. Sovereignty and biopower don’t escalate to mass murder- democratic political context prevents deployment for genocide- Nazism was the product of a particular juridical arrangement that doesn’t apply Dickinson, U.C. Berkeley Associate History Professor, ‘04 [Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ‘Modernity’,” //Central European History//, vol. 37 no. 1, pg 1-48]

We may draw some brief conclusions AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">the Nazis. The Nazis were.

AND, we don’t link to their exclusion arguments – selecting high skilled workers is distinct Carens, political science professor at Toronto, ‘3 (Joseph, “Who Should Get In? The Ethics of Immigration Admissions,” //Ethics and International Affairs//, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2003, accessed 1-5-11) PM

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Some people may <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">object to  the AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">for admission will be taken in.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 200  2 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. And it <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">undermines political effectiveness.

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is AND. We are in deep ignorance.

Cap
Obvi all these cards weren't read in the same round - but these are all the cards I've read on cap this year

AND, the case turns the K, not the other way around Joshua Goldstein , American University International Relations Professor, 20  01  , “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412

I began this book hoping to AND war <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">seems to be <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">empirically inadequate.

Lee Harris, Atlanta Writer , 20  02  , Two, (Policy Review, December, p3(13) The intellectual origins of America-Bashing)
 * 4. Double bind – either they need a clear roadmap that proposes a gradual withdraw or their movement creates radical transitions wars that replace capitalism anyway **

This is the immiserization thesis of AND would be reduced to pipe dreams.

John Isbister , Professor Economics, U. Cal @ Santa Cruz, in 20  01  (Capitalism and Justice, p. 46)
 * 6. Alt fails – even if they break from the state, their movement inevitably collapses **

Some in the capitalist world try AND. The door has been closed <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.

8. Restoring the WTO prevents global exploitation of poor countries – the alternative is massive transition wars that turn the K  Brecher, Costello and Smith,  historian, social activist  , 2K [Jeremy, Tim, Brendan, "Globalization from Below, google books]

The apparent opposition among strengthening localAND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">is more than likely to follow.

** 12. Turn- Their movement results in totalitarianism and extinction ** Rockwell, president of von Mises Institute, ‘8 Llewllyn Rockwell 5/17/08; Rockwell is the president of the Ludwig von Mises Institute; “Everything You Love You Owe to Capitalism” []

Whatever the specifics of the case AND atom bombs on millions of innocents.

13. Alt fails – the image of a unified and devastating form of capitalism dooms the alternative and crushes local actions against capitalist excesses JK Gibson-Graham , UMass-Amherst Geography Prof & Australian National U Senior Fellow of Human Geography, 19  96 [The End of Capitalism (As we knew it), Pg. 253-256]

The birth of the concept of AND with the task of systemic transformation.

14. Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 200  2 (Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. And it <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">undermines political effectiveness.

15. Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">To say that human extinction is AND. We are in deep ignorance.

16. There is always value to life – external claims about others life destroy individual autonomy Schwartz, Glasow philosophy professor and M.D., 2003, (Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” [|www.fleshandbones/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf] [accessed 9/4/9])

The second assertion made by supporters AND person concerned and not by others.

Nuclear War is an a priori concern. Their moral imperatives are contradictory in the face of global annihilation Bok, Brandeis Philosophy Professor, 19  88  , (Sisela, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Rosenthal and Shehadi, eds.)

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Everything changes when it is the AND and simplicity of Kant’s moral theory.

18. Cap is key to the environment and turns their poverty args Norberg, senior fellow at CATO institute 03 (Johan, Senior Fellow at Cato Institute, In Defense of Global Capitalism, pg 224)

Although multinational corporations and free trade AND and begin to rectify past mistakes.

Extinction Takacs, prof of environmental philosophy at Hopkins, ‘96 (David, //Philosophies of Peace//, 1996, [], accessed 11-3-10) PM

"Habitat destruction and conversion are AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">war, which could extinguish civilization."

Their cap kills the environment args aren’t responsive – we’ve passed the point where abandoning cap can solve – the only way to save the environment is through innovation of new tech Atkisson, President and CEO of environmental sustainability group, ‘1 (Alan, The Atkisson Group, international sustainability group that advises governments and corporations, “Sustainability is Dead – Long Live Sustainability,” 10-18-01, [], accessed 9-10-10) PM

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Our economies and technologies are changing AND  whole associated with their inevitable collapse.

20. Cap solves war Llewellyn H. Rockwell , Jr.,  Mises Institute president  , 20  02  , “Why They Attack Capitalism,” ([],” accessed 9-4-9)

If you think about it, this hysteria is astonishing, even terrifying. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The market economy has created unfathomable <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">prosperity  and, decade by decade, for centuries and centuries, miraculous feats of innovation, production, distribution, and social coordination. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">To the free market, we AND the very foundations of civilization itself.

21. The Kritik’s attempts at philosophy over politics and “Theorizing” our actions create a hallucinogenic and spectatorial left. Richard Rorty , Professor of Philosophy @Stanford,  ’98  , //Achieving our Country//

I said earlier that <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">we now <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">AND to fit an ongoing historical process.

Engaging in theoretical philosophy only meant to persuade those in the room without any call to action outside of it creates a spectator mentality – it undermines all action to end human misery and change political structures David E. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 20 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">01  , “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at AND so-called "managerial class."

That leads to the rise of a totalitarian new right. Richard Rorty , Professor of Philosophy @ Stanford,  ’98  , //Achieving our Country//

At that point, something will AND Lincoln and Whitman might be achieved.

It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory, getting co-opted by the government or society. It may be necessary but is not sufficient Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)

Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in AND something more like a human home.”

No mindset shift – collapse only reintrenches status quo mindset Mead, Council on Foreign Relations Kissinger Foreign Policy Fellow, 9 (Walter Russell, 2-4-9, “Only Makes You Stronger” [], accessed 9-4-9)

But, in many other countries AND, less reassuring messages as well.

Most Recent 1ac (Kentucky)
Contention One is The Trafficking Myth

The status quo narrative of trafficking focuses on the media hype surrounding the white, kidnapped female – this frames the entire discussion of trafficking in the context of demonizing the dark criminal Other <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">Berman,  PhD and Berkeley Policy Associates Principal Analyst  , 20 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">10  , (Jacqueline, “Biopolitical Management, Economic Calculation and ‘‘Trafﬁcked Women’’”, 7-19, International Organization for Migratio, Pg. 85-86) Accessed on Blackwell Synergy 7-25-10

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">A nefarious underworld populated by ‘‘AND themselves caught in trafﬁcking networks .4

This narrative functions to uphold the hegemonic status quo – the constructed images broken down by the plan are tied directly to overall structures of power Ewick and Silbey, Clark University Sociology Professor and MIT Sociology and Anthropology Professor, 1995 [Patricia and Susan S. Law & Society Review, Vol. 29, Issue 2]

In the previous section, we AND crafted narrative of right and liability.

This myth independently undermines women’s agency – they are forced to conform to the trafficked victim or get deported Doezema, Institute of Development Studies Fellow, 99 [Jo, “Loose Women or Lost Women? The Re-emergence of the Myth of White Slavery in Contemporary Discourses of Trafficking in Women” //Gender Issues,// Number 1 / December, pg 41-42 JCP]

Other analysts, such as GAATWAND running wild away from family supervision.

This determination of the helpless victim or the evil other marks the trafficked for extermination Aradau, Research Director of the Securities Programme of the [|Centre for Citizenship, Identities and Governance] and Open University Lecturer in International Studies in the Department of Politics and International Studies, 2008 [Claudia, Rethinking Trafficking in Women: Politics out of Security, pg 59-60 JCP]

Berman has captured an interesting dichotomyAND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: aqua; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">and the elimination of other individuals.

Contention Two is Management Rhetoric

The discourse of trafficking is mired in political complexity. Humanitarian approaches become entrenched in the logic of security, engaging in strategies of prevention and profiling of victims. Process diverts the focus away from the structural conditions that result in oppressive and exploitative forms of migration, and locates causality within the victim Aradau, Research Director of the Securities Programme of the [|Centre for Citizenship, Identities and Governance] and Open University Lecturer in International Studies in the Department of Politics and International Studies, 2008 [Claudia, Rethinking Trafficking in Women: Politics out of Security, pg. 98-99, TAT ]

Compared to the more straightforward examples AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">individual that needs to be reformed<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.

The securitization of migration is a tool for the co-option of the political process and the consolidation of political power. The game of naming and blaming the enemy draws attention away from the structural and social inequalities and seeks only to preserve authority and its control over the discursive space. Bigo, Professor of International Relations,2 (Didier, Alternatives: Global local and political, “Security and immigration: Toward a critique of the governmentality of unease”, January-March 2002, [], accessed 12-26-10)

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Fears, unrest, misgivings <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">originating AND  -identified) or groups at risk

The result is that the victim ultimately becomes the culprit. Expert knowledge and psychologization not only construct the vulnerability of the victim but locates the victim as a high risk category that presents the threat of social problems Aradau, she’s also an International Studies lecturer at the Open University of the UK, 2008 [Claudia, Rethinking Trafficking in Women: Politics out of Security, pg. 100-102, TAT ]

In the general assemblage of risk AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">of risky actions in the future.

Resisting the exceptional and extreme justifications of securitization is an ethico-political responsibility. Securtization guarantees frequent and complicit violations of freedom. Aradau, Research Director of the Securities Programme of the [|Centre for Citizenship, Identities and Governance] and Open University Lecturer in International Studies in the Department of Politics and International Studies, 2008 [Claudia, Rethinking Trafficking in Women: Politics out of Security, pg.68 TAT ]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">As securitization means 'that <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">an issue AND of normal politics as democratic .4

The United States Federal Government should expand beneficiary eligibility for nonimmigrant temporary worker visas to include sex work.

Contention Three is Solvency

Our argument is not just that we should accept prostitution or end Victorian ideals of purity – by recognizing that the migrant sex worker is also trafficked, we flip the state promoted interpretation of the white, female victim on itself, ending the trafficking myth Aradau, Research Director of the Securities Programme of the [|Centre for Citizenship, Identities and Governance] and Open University Lecturer in International Studies in the Department of Politics and International Studies, 2008 [Claudia, Rethinking Trafficking in Women: Politics out of Security, pg 138-142 JCP]

Arguing in favour of prostitution as AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">and exploitation of victims of trafficking <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.

The aff spills over – the myth of the trafficked victim is a key site of resistance for whiteness and cultural identity Doezema, Institute of Development Studies Fellow, 99 [Jo, “Loose Women or Lost Women? The Re-emergence of the Myth of White Slavery in Contemporary Discourses of Trafficking in Women” //Gender Issues,// Number 1 / December, pg 46-47 JCP]

The repetition of core elements of AND, to act and to resist.

2ac - Black Rage
D. Wise whiteness – the plan forces culture to confront the immigrant other – this creates confrontation between us and the Other that solves the impact Sullivan, philosophy professor at Penn State, ‘8 (Shannon, also teaches women’s studies and African American history, “Whiteness as Wise Provincialism: Royce and the Rehabilitation of a Racial Category,” //Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society: A Quarterly Journal in American Philosophy//, Vol. 44, No. 2, spring 2008, accessed 11-2-10, Project Muse) PM

In a similar fashion, when AND depoliticizing the meaning of those differences.

Perm resolves their legitimization and white-washing DAs – supporting positive policies while questioning others – their advocacy would prevent any reform effort solidifying oppressive status quo politics Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 200  1 [Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. & Human. 95, Lexis] The second drawback of the hermeneutics AND fundamental questions that I am discussing.

State action to end structures that perpetuate injustice are critical to end white supremacy – individual action and dialogue is insufficient Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 200  5 [Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87]

I'm all for diversity and its AND has been true in my life.

Engaging in theoretical philosophy only meant to persuade those in the room without any call to action outside of it creates a spectator mentality – it undermines all action to end human misery and change political structures David E. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 20 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt;">01  , “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at AND so-called "managerial class."

We can use whiteness against itself – criticizing whiteness from within it   Jensen , Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 200  5 [Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p. 91-96]

That's the question for which this AND People's Burden is to civilize ourselves.

Their law bad arguments don’t assume the aff – we must strategically use the letter of the law against itself – that’s key to break down the state’s fantasy of power Zizek, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies, 1997 [Slavoj, “The Plague of Fantasies” The Essential Zizek edition, p.36-9, TP]

Every belonging to a society involves AND the consequences of this act catastrophic.

2. Status quo trafficking narrative allows the state to divide up different groups of migrants – the only way to effectively challenge the state comes through creating solidarity among oppressed groups Davidson, University of Nottingham, School of Sociology, 10 [Julia, “New slavery, old binaries: human trafficking and the borders of ‘freedom’”, Global Networks 10, 2 (2010) 244–261, pg 253-255JCP]

Kevin Bales (2000: 250AND reach 18 (BBC News 2008b).

Temporary migration is key to break down heteronormativity Manalansan IV, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [|Asian American Studies] Associate Professor, 2006 [Martin F. Queer intersections: sexuality and gender in migration studies. [|International Migration Review] 40.1 (Spring 2006): p224(26). JCP]

Queer studies in particular and sexuality AND <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">between the local and the global <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Times,serif;">.

Heteronormativity is a form of extermination and underpins all oppression and violence. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Tatchell, internationally renowned human rights and political activist, 1989 [Peter, sixth on the New Statesman's "Heroes of our time", May/June, “GAY LIBERATION IS CENTRAL TO HUMAN EMANCIPATION” http:www.petertatchell.net/masculinity/gay%20liberation.htm, accessed 10-3-10, TP]

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Lesbian and gay liberation is of AND all forms of oppression and subjugation.