Liberty+PT Jacquelyn+Poapst+&+Beau+Troxclair+AFF

toc =1AC's=

Agricultural Workers Aff 1.0
Plan: The United States Federal Government should establish the H-4A non-immigrant agricultural temporary worker visa.

Contention One: Labor Shortages Labor shortages coming now- multiple reasons 1) H2A restrictions mean no applicants AgriView 2010 (Labor Dept Approves Controversial New Rules on Farm Workers, Wednesday, February 17, 2010, [|http://www.agriview.com/articles/2010/02/18/dairy_news/dairy08.txt)jap]

“The bottom line is we’re going to see … growing world population.”

2) Obama’s labor reforms increased required qualifications Natural Resource Report 2010 (New H-2A worker visa regulations rile farmers, February 26, 2010, [|http://naturalresourcereport.com/2010/02/new-h-2a-worker-visa-regulations-rile-farmers/)jap]

New rules for the H-2A … existing labor shortages.

3) Pressure on undocumented workers pressure farmworkers The Kiplinger Agriculture Letter 2008 (“Sharp decline in farmworkers suggests looming labor shortage”, lexis)RKB

A sharp decline in farmworkers … farmworkers should be increasing.

4) Broken system makes labor shortage inevitable Smith 2010 (Ron Smith, Farm Press Editorial Staff, Immigration reform vital for U. S. agriculture, Thursday, October 2, 2008, ebsco, Southwest Farm Press)jap

The Texas ag work force consists … shut down operations.

5) Lack of domestic willingness- guest workers are key Greenwood 2008 (Arin, lawyer at the CNMI Office of the Attorney General and J.D. from Columbia Law School The Case for Reforming U.S. Guest Worker Programs, [|http://cei.org/cei_files/fm/active/0/Arin%20Greenwood%20-%20The%20Case%20for%20Reforming%20U.S.%20Guest%20Worker%20Programs.pdf)jap]

Reduce – or ideally, eliminate … shortage of workers.

Contention Two: Ag Industry Three internal links into ag collapse 1. Administrative Crackdown- Enforcement measures kill the workforce – guaranteeing ag industry decline. Texas Public Radio 2010 (Manuel Quiñones, Texas Farmers Supporting Immigration Reform, [|http://www.tpr.org/news/2010/04/news1004051.html)jap]

“It’s real simple. You’re … back,” said Cornyn.

2. Global Competitiveness Labor Shortages kill Agricultural competitiveness-destroys the industry Wozniacka 2009 (Gosia, reporter specializing in immigration, Latino issues and ethnic/ immigrant communities. Stable farm labor seems elusive in global economy, Saturday, November 07, 2009, [|http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2009/11/stable_farm_labor.html)jap]

The societal shift … U.S.-Mexican border.

3. Current labor shortages will lead to decreased food production Associated Press 2010 (Lisa Rathke, Farmers: Immigration reform needed for ag workers, May 17, 2010 Monday, L/N)jap

MONTPELIER, Vt. - Even during … reliable labor.

Increased workers increases agricultural productivity Devadoss 2008 (Stephen, professor of Agricultural Econ at the University of Idaho. Contributions of Immigrant Farmworkers to California Vegetable Production, Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, [|http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/47265/2/jaae-40-03-879.pdf)jap]

As the theoretical analysis showed, … program for agriculture.

Scenario One: Agricultural Economy Ag production is key to the agricultural economy Ball at el 2010 (Eldon Ball, Sun Ling Wang, and Richard Nehring, Economic Research Service, USDA, Agricultural Productivity in the United States: Data Documentation and Methods, [|http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/AgProductivity/methods.htm#2007)jap]

The rise in agricultural …and pesticide consumption.

Productivity is a key driver of input growth – controls the direction of the agricultural economy Ball at el 2010 (Eldon Ball, Sun Ling Wang, and Richard Nehring, Economic Research Service, USDA, Agricultural Productivity in the United States: Data Documentation and Methods, [|http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/AgProductivity/methods.htm#2007)jap]

Input growth typically … year to output growth.

Ag industry spills over to all levels of the economy Hall, Ph.D. in political economy, 2010 (Shane., "The Effect of Agriculture Industry on the Economy", 1-4-10, [], [|http://www.ehow.com/facts_5829019_effect-agriculture-industry-economy.html)jt]

In 1789, when the U.S. … more crops per acre.

The US is key to the Global Recovery Caploe, PhD in International political economy from Princeton, 2009 (David, “Focus still on America to lead global recovery,” The Straits Times, 4-7, lexis, ldg)

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 …solved there too.

We’re headed for a double dip recession now Wall Street Journal 9-12-2010 (“Waning Economic Recovery Fuels Global Uncertainty”, [], ldg)

Even if governments control … quarters, he says.

Economic downturn causes great power wars and extinction Auslin, scholar at American Enterprise Institute, 2009 (Michael, “The global Economy Unravels” American Enterprise Institute, [])

Global policymakers need … coalesce into a big bang.

Defense doesn’t apply-growth key to solve social pressures which spillover to international conflict Strauss-Kahn, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund, 2009 (Dominique, “Economic Stability, Economic Cooperation, and Peace - the Role of the IMF,” 10-23, [], ldg)

Let me stress that the crisis …weakened institutions.

Interdependence solves war Griswold, director of the Cato Institute Center for Trade Policy Studies, 2005 (Daniel, “Peace on Earth? Try Free Trade among Men”, 12-28, [], ldg)

As one little-noticed headline … they can produce best at home.

Scenario Two: Food Security Labor shortages decreases food independence that kills leadership McCland 2008 [Stacy, J.D. Candidate 2008, Barry University Dwayne O. Andreas School of Law; M.B.A. 2000, Florida Metropolitan University; B.A. Biochemistry 1994, Florida State University, Barry Law Review, Spring, "Immigration reform and agriculture: what we really want, what we really need, and what will happen if they leave?" 10 Bary L. Rev. 63, l/n, accessed 6-3-10, mss]

While food may appear … to mass starvation.

Independently, a strong agricultural industry is key to hegemony Pickford 2008 (Andrew Pickford, Strategic Analyst and currently works in the energy industry. Prior to this, he was the Research Manager at Future Directions International (FDI), a strategic-level think-tank, where he was also the Editor of FDI’s Weekly Global Report, The Rise of Agri-Powers, Security Challenges, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Spring 2008), pp. 11-21, [|http://www.securitychallenges.org.au/ArticlePDFs/vol4no3Pickford.pdf)jap]

Agricultural powers – those self … gain from having a significant agricultural base.

Maintenance of U.S. global leadership is vital to preventing numerous scenarios for nuclear conflict Thayer 06 (Bradley, "In Defense of Primacy," The National Interest, November/December 2006, p. lexis)

THROUGHOUT HISTORY, …practical hope of solving the world's ills.

Multipolarity won’t solve-US power is necessary. Brooks and Wohlforth, government professors at Dartmouth, 2002 (Stephen and William, “American Primacy in Perspective”, Foreign Affairs; Jul/Aug2002, Vol. 81 Issue 4, p20-33, 14p, ebsco, ldg)

Some might question the worth …would be reduced.

Multipolarity causes nuclear war. Arbatov, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2007 (Alexi, “Is a New Cold War Imminent?”, 8-8, [], ldg)

However, the low probability …capitals of the world.

Hegemonic collapse causes transition wars. Brzezinski, foreign policy professor at John Hopkins, 2005 (Zbigniew, “The choice: global domination or global leadership”, pg 2-3, ldg)

History is a record of change, … global misuse of its own power.

The next agricultural failure in the United States will cause massive global starvation-hundreds of thousands would die Sircus 2010 (Dr. Mark Sircus, director of the International Medical Veritas Association, Agricultural Apocalypse 2010, March 29, 2010, [|http://agriculture.imva.info/food-prices/agricultural-apocalypse-2010)jap]

When a large segment …and human migration.

Contention 3: Solvency Lack of participation in agricultural programs now due to time issues, employer ties, and labor market tests Griffith Cornell Law Prof 2010 (Kati L., Assistant Professor of Employment and Labor Law @ Cornell, US migrant Worker Law: the Interstices of Immigration Law and Employment Law, [|http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cllpj31&div=9&g_sent=1&collection=journals#127)jap]

H-2 visa holders are at … similar to the H-1B test.

H-4A visas solve - allow temporary workers to change employers during their stay and also stay for three years instead of one. Andorra Bruno, Analyst in American National Government Domestic Social Policy Division, 6-8-2004 (“Immigration: Policy Considerations Related to Guest Worker Programs” [], accessed 8-11-10)RKB

The H-4A visa would … an additional three years.

The H-4A is comparatively better than the H-2A visa- authorized admission is longer, workers can work for different employers, and guarantees a supply of agricultural laborers Alice J. Baker, Assistant Professor of Law, Mercer University, 2004 (“Agricultural Guestworker Programs in the United States”, 10 Tex. Hisp. J.L. & Pol'y 79, Fall, lexis)RKB

On the other hand, the H-4A … them and taking their labor elsewhere.

Agricultural Workers Aff 2.0
Plan text: The United States Federal Government should establish the H-4A non-immigrant temporary agricultural worker visa.

Contention One: The laborers are few H2A restrictions mean no applicants AgriView 2010 [Labor Dept Approves Controversial New Rules on Farm Workers, Wednesday, February 17, 2010, []]jap

“The bottom line is we’re going to see a … growing world population.”

Lack of participation in agricultural programs now due to time issues, employer ties, and labor market tests Griffith Cornell Law Prof 2010 (Kati L., Assistant Professor of Employment and Labor Law @ Cornell, US migrant Worker Law: the Interstices of Immigration Law and Employment Law, [|http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cllpj31&div=9&g_sent=1&collection=journals#127)jap]

H-2 visa holders are at a disadvantage …for a labor market test, similar to the H-1B test.

H-4A visas solve - allow temporary workers to change employers during their stay and also stay for three years instead of one. Andorra Bruno, Analyst in American National Government Domestic Social Policy Division, 6-8-2004 (“Immigration: Policy Considerations Related to Guest Worker Programs” [], accessed 8-11-10)RKB

The H-4A visa would cover aliens coming … extended for an additional three years.

The H-4A is comparatively better than the H-2A visa- authorized admission is longer, workers can work for different employers, and guarantees a supply of agricultural laborers Alice J. Baker, Assistant Professor of Law, Mercer University, 2004 ( “Agricultural Guestworker Programs in the United States”, 10 Tex. Hisp. J.L. & Pol'y 79, Fall, lexis)RKB

On the other hand, the H-4A program offers … and taking their labor elsewhere.

Contention Two: Ag Collapse Three internal links into ag collapse 1. Administrative Crackdown kills the workforce and guarantees industry collapse Quiñones, Award winning political analyst, 20 10 (Manuel, Texas Farmers Supporting Immigration Reform, [|http://www.tpr.org/news/2010/04/news1004051.html)jap]

“It’s real simple. You’re going to see the ag industry … And when it’s not good, we can dial it back,” said Cornyn.

2. Global Competitiveness Labor Shortages kill Agricultural competitiveness-destroys the industry Wozniacka 200 9 (Gosia, reporter specializing in immigration, Latino issues and ethnic/ immigrant communities. Stable farm labor seems elusive in global economy, Saturday, November 07, 2009, [|http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2009/11/stable_farm_labor.html)jap]

The societal shift from farming means …l on the U.S.-Mexican border.

3. decreased food production A ssociated P ress 20 10 (Lisa Rathke, Farmers: Immigration reform needed for ag workers, May 17, 2010 Monday, L/N)jap

MONTPELIER, Vt. - Even during the recession, … of a shortage of reliable labor.

Increased workers increases agricultural productivity Devadoss 200 8 (Stephen, professor of Agricultural Econ at the University of Idaho. Contributions of Immigrant Farmworkers to California Vegetable Production, Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, [|http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/47265/2/jaae-40-03-879.pdf)jap]

As the theoretical analysis showed, the other three …guest-worker program for agriculture.

Independently, the next agricultural failure in the United States will cause massive global starvation and conflict Sircus 2010 (Dr. Mark Sircus, director of the International Medical Veritas Association, Agricultural Apocalypse 2010, March 29, 2010, [|http://agriculture.imva.info/food-prices/agricultural-apocalypse-2010)jap]

When a large segment of the population is …, mass starvation and human migration.

Loss of food production in the United States increases the probability of an agroterrorist attack-timeframe is imminent Mann 2002 (Peter, international coordination for World Hunger Year and on the board of the Community Food Security Coalition, Homeland Security Must Include Food Security, Whole Earth, Fall 2002)jap

Americans take for granted a global … can touch all of us.

This guarantees extinction Richard Ochs, APG Superfund Citizens' Coalition, 6/9/02, "Biological Weapons Must be Abolished Immediately"

While a "nuclear winter," resulting from … NOW POSSIBLE.

Contention Three: Agricultural Productivity We’ll isolate Four Impacts 1. Productivity increases key to low food prices and the agricultural environment Ball at el 20 10 [Eldon Ball, Sun Ling Wang, and Richard Nehring, Economic Research Service, USDA, Agricultural Productivity in the United States: Data Documentation and Methods, []]jap

In examining the results in [|table 2], … has lagged, both domestically and internationally.

Agricultural biodiversity key to all human life Gunningham, Australian Center for Environmental Law professor, ‘97 [Neil, Ecology Law Quarterly, l/n]

Biodiversity is essential for the maintenance … that support us, there are aesthetic and ethical arguments in favor of preserving biodiversity.

2. High Food Prices destroy the food market globally FAO, IFAD, and WFP, 2008 [NGO's, paper prepared for the meeting of the Chief Executives Board for Coordination, “High food prices: Impact and recommendations,” p. [] april 28th]jap

The total cost of food imports for Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries (LIFDCs… gain from an increase in food prices.

Foods security outweighs all other impacts – it makes every impact inevitable Trudell, J.D. Candidate, 05 [Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis]jap

Today, more than 842 million people - … danger in the days to come

3. High Food Prices causes a coup in Egypt Posner 2008 [Richard, Former Professor at University of Chicago Law School and Current Judnge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago, “Food Prices and Malthusian Economics—Posner’s Comment,” The Becker-Posner Blog, April 13, [] []]jap

We may be seeing the beginnings of an …presidential politics) make reform unlikely.

The brink is now – protesting is starting IPS 11/19 [Adam Morrow and Khaled Moussa Al-Omrani, EGYPT: Soaring Food Prices Squeeze Poor, Institute For Policy Studies Africa, []]jap

CAIRO, Nov 19, 2010 (IPS) – Prices for most basic food … against rising food prices since 19 77. ”

Egyptian coup leads to massive instability and nuclear conflict St. Louis Post-Dispatch 92 ["Early Warnings on the Nile," Nov. 19, l/n]jap

Were it s government to fall in a coup and the National … devastating for stability in the short and long run.

4. Current rising food prices are going to put investment into a spiraling stage in the short term – killing the economy Cox 9/9/10 [Jeff, Staff Writer, With Global Food Prices Rising, What Can Investors Do? []]jap

Growing fear over surging food prices … around the globe, with consumers paying the price.

And, Ag production is key to the agricultural economy Ball at el 2010 [Eldon Ball, Sun Ling Wang, and Richard Nehring, Economic Research Service, USDA, Agricultural Productivity in the United States: Data Documentation and Methods, []]jap

The rise in agricultural productivity has … measures of fertilizer and pesticide consumption.

Ag industry spills over to all levels of the economy Hall, Ph.D. in political economy, 2010 [Shane., "The Effect of Agriculture Industry on the Economy", 1-4-10, [], []]jap

In 1789, when the U.S. was a young nation, 90 percent of … These advances enable farmers to grow more crops per acre.

The US is key to the Global Recovery Caploe, PhD in International political economy from Princeton, 2009 [David, “Focus still on America to lead global recovery,” The Straits Times, 4-7, lexis, ldg]

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, … and it is going to have to be solved there too.

Economic downturn causes great power wars and extinction Auslin, scholar at American Enterprise Institute, 2009 [Michael, “The global Economy Unravels” American Enterprise Institute, []]

Global policymakers need to get real about the gravity of the present world … be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Economic collapse kills hegemony Bartilow and Pietroburgo 2009 [Horace Bartilow, Research Associate and Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Kentucky and Anthony Pietroburgo, Expert author at Ezine, The end of American hegemony, [|http://ezinearticles.com/?The-End-of-American-Hegemony&id=2207395jap]]

However we can learn from past hegemonic states, … away from experiencing the same fate (Bartilow Lecture).

Hegemonic decline triggers global nuclear wars Kagan, senior associate at Carnegie, 2007 [Robert, “End of Dreams, Return of History” Policy Review, [], ldg]

This is a good thing, and it should continue to be … an easier path.

Multipolarity won’t solve-US power is necessary. Brooks and Wohlforth, government professors at Dartmouth, 2002 [Stephen and William, “American Primacy in Perspective”, Foreign Affairs; Jul/Aug2002, Vol. 81 Issue 4, p20-33, 14p, ebsco, ldg]

Some might question the worth of being … coordinated action against them would be reduced.

Hegemonic collapse causes transition wars. Brzezinski, foreign policy professor at John Hopkins, 2005 [Zbigniew, “The choice: global domination or global leadership”, pg 2-3, ldg]

History is a record of change, a reminder that nothing endures … democracy itself, or from America's global misuse of its own power.

Agricultural Workers Aff 3.0
Plan text: The United States Federal Government should establish the H-4A non-immigrant temporary agricultural worker visa. Contention One: Labor Shortages H2A restrictions mean no applicants AgriView 2010 [Labor Dept Approves Controversial New Rules on Farm Workers, Wednesday, February 17, 2010, http://www.agriview.com/articles/2010/02/18/dairy_news/dairy08.txt]jap “The bottom line is we’re … world population.” Lack of participation in agricultural programs now due to time issues, employer ties, and labor market tests Griffith Cornell Law Prof 2010 (Kati L., Assistant Professor of Employment and Labor Law @ Cornell, US migrant Worker Law: the Interstices of Immigration Law and Employment Law, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cllpj31&div=9&g_sent=1&collection=journals#127)jap H-2 visa holders are at a … similar to the H-1B test. H-4A visas solve - allow temporary workers to change employers during their stay and also stay for three years instead of one. Andorra Bruno, Analyst in American National Government Domestic Social Policy Division, 6-8-2004 (“Immigration: Policy Considerations Related to Guest Worker Programs” [], accessed 8-11-10)RKB The H-4A visa would cover aliens coming … for an additional three years. The H-4A is comparatively better than the H-2A visa- authorized admission is longer, workers can work for different employers, and guarantees a supply of agricultural laborers Alice J. Baker, Assistant Professor of Law, Mercer University, 2004 ( “Agricultural Guestworker Programs in the United States”, 10 Tex. Hisp. J.L. & Pol'y 79, Fall, lexis)RKB On the other hand, the H-4A program offers … taking their labor elsewhere. Contention Two: Ag Collapse Two internal links into ag collapse 1. Administrative Crackdown kills the workforce and guarantees industry collapse Quiñones, Award winning political analyst, 2010 (Manuel, Texas Farmers Supporting Immigration Reform, http://www.tpr.org/news/2010/04/news1004051.html)jap “It’s real simple. You’re going to see the … we can dial it back,” said Cornyn. 2. Labor Shortages kill food production Associated Press 2010 (Lisa Rathke, Farmers: Immigration reform needed for ag workers, May 17, 2010 Monday, L/N)jap MONTPELIER, Vt. - Even during the … of a shortage of reliable labor. Increased workers increases agricultural productivity Devadoss 2008 (Stephen, professor of Agricultural Econ at the University of Idaho. Contributions of Immigrant Farmworkers to California Vegetable Production, Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/47265/2/jaae-40-03-879.pdf)jap As the theoretical analysis showed, the other …-worker program for agriculture. 3. Independently, the next agricultural failure in the United States will cause massive global starvation and conflict Sircus 2010 (Dr. Mark Sircus, director of the International Medical Veritas Association, Agricultural Apocalypse 2010, March 29, 2010, http://agriculture.imva.info/food-prices/agricultural-apocalypse-2010)jap When a large segment of the population is … starvation and human migration. Contention Three: Agricultural Productivity Productivity increases key to low food prices Ball at el 2010 [Eldon Ball, Sun Ling Wang, and Richard Nehring, Economic Research Service, USDA, Agricultural Productivity in the United States: Data Documentation and Methods, http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/AgProductivity/methods.htm#2007]jap In examining the results in [|table 2], … domestically and internationally. 1. International overheating now Globe and Mail 1/14 [Kevin Carmichael, “‘Hot’ money heating up trade tensions” http://m.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/currencies/hot-money-heating-up-trade-tensions/article1871335/?service=mobile]jap It was a 30-page document published… tariffs that would choke global trade. High food prices cause Chinese inflation BBC 11/17 [China introduces subsidies amid food shortages, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11772184]jap China's government has said it will … asset bubbles in property and stocks. Causes currency war escalation – spike of protectionism. Walsh 12/29 [Lynn, leading figure of the Socialist Party of England and Wales, the English and Welsh part of the Committee for a Workers International, and editor of the Socialist Party's monthly magazine, Socialism Today, “Quantitative easing, plan b – will it work?” [|http://cp.doop.ie/statement-a-analysis/economy/514-quantitative-easing-plan-b-will-it-workjap]] In a desperate move to boost US growth… money system and trading relations. Leads to US-China trade wars. Sewell 10 [Rob, multiple publishing author and editor of IMT, “Rising inter-imperialist tensions, Currency wars: what’s next?”]jap As different countries scramble to …tobogganing to disaster with their eyes closed. Undermines influence North Korea through miscalculations Feffer 10 [John, co-director of Foreign Policy In Focus at the Institute for Policy Studies, “China: Already on Top?” http://www.fpif.org/articles/china_already_on_top]jap Still, China is too important to ignore, so …administration's policy of "strategic patience." Key to solve war with korea Xu 2001 [Xianquan, senior research fellow at the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, and a senior advisor on WTO issues at the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation “China, the United States, and the Global Economy, Shuxun Chen and Charles Wolf,” page 268]jap In terms of security and stability in …Washington and Beijing share. War in Korea escalates Stares and Wit 9 [Paul B., General John W. Vessey senior fellow for conflict prevention and director of the center for preventive action of CFR and Joel S., adjunct senior research fellow at the Weather head East Asia Institute at Columbia University and a visiting fellow at the US Korea Institute at John Hopkins, “Preparing for Sudden Change in North Korea”]jap These various scenarios would present…Korean and American intervention in the North. Global nuclear war Hayes and Green, Victoria University AND Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute, 2010 [Peter, Victoria University, and Michael, Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute, “-“The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”]jap The consequences of failing to address … financial crisis pale by comparison. 2. Chinese inflation’s causing overheating – causes social instability and economic collapse WSJ 11-17 [“Goldilocks and the China Bears”, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703848204575608030288317058.html?mod=googlenews_wsj]jap Rising inflation threatens China's goldilocks …and the bears be proven right. Chinese economic collapse causes World War III Straits Times 3 [Tom Plate, UCLA Poli Sci Professor, The Straits Times, June 28, 2003, lexis]jap But imagine a China disintegrating -- on its own, … House now seems to prefer. Asian war goes nuclear Dibb, Australian National University Strategic and Defense Studies Centre head, 2001 [Paul, previously Deputy Secretary for Strategic Policy and Intelligence in the Australian Department of Defense and director of the Joint Intelligence Organisation, previously ] head of the National Assessments Staff for the National Intelligence Committee, “Strategic Trends: Asia at a Crossroads,” Naval War College Review, Winter, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Strategic+Trends.-a075762211, accessed 1-2-11, mss] The areas of maximum danger and …confronted with major crises. 3. Inflation disproportionately hurts the rural population --- causes social upheaval WSJ 10-8 [Alen Mattich, Bloomberg, http://blogs.wsj.com/source/2010/10/08/unbalanced-china/]jap On a more medium-term basis, there’s … threaten social upheaval. Widespread rural unrest in China threatens CCP credibility and causes attack on Taiwan Szonyi 2k [Michael Szonyi, professor of History at the University of Toronto and a recognized international authority on Asia, “Commentary No. 79: Canadian Security Intelligence Service Publication”, 11-29-2k, http://www.csis.gc.ca/pblctns/cmmntr/cm79-eng.asp]jap The political implications of the problems anticipated … against Taiwan, discussed below. Chine rural uprising leads to global WMD holocaust Renxing 8/3/05 (San, Staff, Epoch Times, "CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death," http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30931.html) Since the Party’s life is “above all else,” it would not … with their lives. China war would escalate to global nuclear annihilation The Strait Times, “No one gains in war over Taiwan,” June 25 2000, L/N The high-intensity scenario postulates … given to the Chinese press. 4. Current rising food prices are going to put investment into a spiraling stage in the short term – killing the economy Cox 9/9/10 [Jeff, Staff Writer, With Global Food Prices Rising, What Can Investors Do? http://www.cnbc.com/id/39078802/With_Global_Food_Prices_Rising_What_Can_Investors_Do]jap Growing fear over …with consumers paying the price. And, Ag production is key to the agricultural economy Ball at el 2010 [Eldon Ball, Sun Ling Wang, and Richard Nehring, Economic Research Service, USDA, Agricultural Productivity in the United States: Data Documentation and Methods, http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/AgProductivity/methods.htm#2007]jap The rise in agricultural productivity has … and pesticide consumption. Ag industry spills over to all levels of the economy Hall, Ph.D. in political economy, 2010 [Shane., "The Effect of Agriculture Industry on the Economy", 1-4-10, http://www.ehow.com/facts_5829019_effect-agriculture-industry-economy.html, http://www.ehow.com/facts_5829019_effect-agriculture-industry-economy.html]jap In 1789, when the U.S. was … more crops per acre. The US is key to the Global Recovery Caploe, PhD in International political economy from Princeton, 2009 [David, “Focus still on America to lead global recovery,” The Straits Times, 4-7, lexis, ldg] IN THE aftermath of the G-20 …to be solved there too. Economic downturn causes great power wars and extinction Auslin, scholar at American Enterprise Institute, 2009 [Michael, “The global Economy Unravels” American Enterprise Institute, http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29502/pub_detail.asp] Global policymakers …coalesce into a big bang. 5. US ag production key to US leadership National Defense University 3 (Agribusiness Group Paper, Roundtable with 16 military leaders, http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/industry/reports/2003/pdf/2003_AGRIBUSINESS.pdf)jap “Agribusiness is to the United States .. strength for our nation Hegemonic decline triggers global nuclear wars Kagan, senior associate at Carnegie, 2007 [Robert, “End of Dreams, Return of History” Policy Review, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html#n10, ldg] This is a good thing, and it should … provide an easier path. Multipolarity won’t solve-US power is necessary. Brooks and Wohlforth, government professors at Dartmouth, 2002 [Stephen and William, “American Primacy in Perspective”, Foreign Affairs; Jul/Aug2002, Vol. 81 Issue 4, p20-33, 14p, ebsco, ldg] Some might question … would be reduced. Hegemonic collapse causes transition wars. Brzezinski, foreign policy professor at John Hopkins, 2005 [Zbigniew, “The choice: global domination or global leadership”, pg 2-3, ldg] History is a record … misuse of its own power.

Immigration Exploitation Narrative
The society we live in has so many problems, yet our lack of desire to engage and to fight against atrocities let’s them continue, specifically in immigration the problem is a system where immigrants are placed as different and thus able to be exploited. This is especially seen in the farming industry, where workers have no control to fight back the abuses of power. Jackie and I hope to use this speech to narrate the story of the current policies in the United States that allow this system of exploitation so that we can begin to evaluate and understand ways that we can remove this power from the government and put it back into the individual. Contention One: Current exploitation in immigration Temporary workers in the status quo endure extreme exploitation and abuse but they can’t do anything about it because their visas and jobs are tied to their employers. Wishnie 8 (Michael, Clinical Professor of Law, Yale Law School and member of the Labor Law Group, Minnesota Law Review, 92 Minn. L. Rev. 1446, May)jap From a labor rights perspective, the … and to other legal rights. Tying employment and visa status to one’s employer reentrenches the system of slavery in the agricultural industry – the first step away from this system of hierarchy and capital is to remove this requirement Pope 10 (James Gray, Professor of Law and Sidney Reitman Scholar, Rutgers University, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1849, May)jap Perhaps the biggest single supporting …without facing deportation. n93 Every possibility of slavery’s continuance must be rejected. Compromise on slavery makes it inevitable. Garrison 1854 (William Lloyd, one of the most prominent abolitionists, was founder and publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper, "The Liberator," and was also a founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, “Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Admits of No Compromise with the Evil of Slavery,” http://members.aol.com/jfepperson/garrison.html) I am a believer in that portion of the Declaration … supremacy of God over the whole earth!" Contention Two: The System of Capitalism The current system is the definition of capitalism – ultimately leading to a new system of slavery Pope 10 (James Gray, Professor of Law and Sidney Reitman Scholar, Rutgers University, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1849, May)jap However, the same features of the prohibition … the end of a spectrum of labor violations." [|n23] Capitalism props up heteronormative ideals John D'Emilio, professor of history and of women's and gender studies at the University of Illinois at Chicago, 1993, (The Lesbian and Gay studies reader, Capitalism and gay identity, pg 473) hw This elevation of the nuclear family … for the social instability of the system. The terminal impact is violence Gust A. Yep, Professor of Communication Studies at San Francisco State University; Karen Lovaas, Associate Professor of Communication Studies with an emphasis in Critical Theory at San Francisco State University; and John P. Elia, Associate Professor, Associate Chair & Co-Graduate Coordinator of the MPH Program at San Francisco State University, 2004 (Queer Theory and Communication: From Disciplining Queers to Queering the Discipline(s), p.18) RKB In this passage, Simmons vividly describes … oppression of sexual others. We have an obligation to reject instances of capitalism – it legitimizes mass exclusion Slavoj Zizek, senior researcher at the Institute of Sociology, University of Ljubljana and Glyn Daly, Senior Lecturer in Politics at University College, Northampton, 2004 (Conversations with Zizek, p. 14-16) RKB For Zizek it is imperative that we cut …of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. Continued capitalist exploitation ensures human extinction Istvan Meszaros, emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Sussex, 2001 (Socialism or Barbarism, p. 80-81) hw Today the situation is qualitatively different, … of capital's third way. Jackie and I advocate that the United States Federal Government should establish the H-4A non-immigrant agricultural temporary worker visa. Contention Three: Solvency The H-4A provides the agricultural immigrants with the means to reject this system by having a visa that they control Alice J. Baker, Assistant Professor of Law, Mercer University, 2004 (“Agricultural Guestworker Programs in the United States”, 10 Tex. Hisp. J.L. & Pol'y 79, Fall, lexis)RKB On the other hand, the H-4A program … and taking their labor elsewhere. Role-playing the government is the only way to assess state action and acquire the knowledge to challenge it Ryan Galloway, University of Georgia Debate Coach, February 21, 2001 [Debate as a Dialectic, p. http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0588.html] Second, dialectics are more persuasive than … "We've found cold fusion! Viva le Revolution." The Political and Ethical cease to exist when separated, and ethics can act as a limitation to politics Luebbe, 2003 (Christopher David, Lecturer in Comparative Literature @ U Mich, “The Good Terror: Zizek’s Negative Ethics”, Perspectives on Evil and Human Wickedness Vol. 1 No. 2 Page 121, accessed August 30, 2004, http://www.wickedness.net/ejv1n2/ejv1n2_leubbe.pdf) cnb One of Zizek’s first and most basic formulations of an … also be no ethics without politics. Positing ourselves within the system is necessary to disrupt it Kulynych, 1997 (Jessica, Polity, Winter, p.344-5) Although citizens were minimally successful in … within the current cultural imagery. Resisting state action only serves to legitimize state control and consequent decisions - the only way to actually embrace an ethical positioning is to provide the state with specific demands Zizek 2007 (Slavoj, a dialectical-materialist philosopher and psychoanalyst. He also co-directs the International Centre for Humanities at Birkbeck College, “Resistance is Surrender” London Review of Books http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n22/zize01_.html) RKB These words simply demonstrate that … be met with the same excuse. We have a responsibility as scholars to evaluate the policy debate- we shape decision making Edkins and Zehfuss, Aberystwyth and Manchester International Politics professors, 2005 (Jenny and Maja, “Generalising the International”, Review of International Studies Vol. 31, No. 3 (Jul., 2005), pp. 451-471, JSTOR, ldg) What we are attempting in this … and the international differently. We must situate ourselves as world citizens and speak out against government atrocities. Foucault, chair at the Collège de France, 1984 (Michel, Confronting Governmental Human Rights, Foucalt, v3: Power, ed James Faubion, pg 424-425, ldg) We are just private individuals here…little by little and day by day. Contention Four: Cyclical Migration This new system would provide a cyclical community. Immigrants don’t participate in agricultural visa programs now because of the horrible conditions the visas endorse, however as baker says, the new program would provide a visa that would promote integration and immigration. And, Cyclical migratory communities upend traditional depictions of imperial labor exploitation – they serve as a bulwark against state-led violence Castles, Oxford professor of Migration and Refugee Studies, 2002 (Stephen, “Migration und Community Formation under Conditions of Globalization”, IMR Volume 36 Number 4 CJOTinter 2002): 1143-1 168, Blackwell Synergy, ldg) In 1729, the Irish clergyman and satirist Jonathan Swift …homogenous national communities. However, restrictions on temporary migration are forcing a trend away from brain circulation to out-migration exclusively Alden, senior fellow Council of Foreign Relations, 2009 (Edward, “Losing America's Secret Weapon”, Forbes, 11-9, [], ldg) Will the prizes of two decades hence still be … threaten the U.S. lead in innovation.

These diasporic networks produce global economic interdependencies premised on difference Chandler, UC Davis law professor, 2001 (Anupam, “ARTICLE: DIASPORA BONDS”, October, 76 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1005, lexis, ldg) In a world that is increasingly diasporan…possibility of economic development. This process benefits both migrants and non-migrants alike – it initiates a “globalization from below” that vitiates the worst forms of oppression and discrimination Paul Kennedy, Sociology Prof @ Manchester Metropolitan U, & Victor Roudometof, Sociology Prof @ Washington and Lee U, ‘1, Community Across Borders under Globalising Conditions: New Immigrants and Transnational Cultures, http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/WPTC-01-17%20Kennedy.pdf Indeed, membership and participation … across a number of nations.

=Counterplan 2AC's=

Commission 2AC
 Commission doesn’t solve or avoid politics ACIP, 2009 [American Council on International Personnell, "Examining Proposals to Create a New Commission on Employment-Based Immigration," 6-18-9, http://www.immigrationworksusa.org/uploaded/file/ACIP Commission Paper Final.pdf, accessed 9-12-10, mss] The inability of Congress to …provide greater access. Doesn’t solve the aff- the commission can’t observe the labor shortage National Foundation for American Policy, 2009 (“A Commisssion To Regulate Immigration? A Bad Idea Whose Time Should Not Come”, May, [], accessed 11-17-10) RKB The labor market is global, … as undesirable outcomes. Congress backlashes against commission proposals-empirically proven Rodriguez, NYU law professor, 2010 (Cristina, “Constraint Through Delegation: The Case of Executive Control Over Immigration Policy”, July, online pdf, ldg) On the first question of … from the bill.159 Counterplan links to politics- counterplan won’t be perceived as non-political Anderson, National Foundation for American Policy executive director, 2010 [Stuart, former Executive Associate Commissioner for Policy and Planning and Counselor to the Commissioner at the Immigration and Naturalization Service from August 2001 to January 2003, also- spent four and a half years on Capitol Hill on the Senate Immigration Subcommittee, former Director of Trade and Immigration Studies at the Cato Institute, Immigration, pg 209, google books, accessed 9-12-10, mss] One argument offered … of bureaucratic officials. Commission strategy leads to off-shoring- immediate, fiated nature of the counterplan ensures employers will fear reversals ACIP, 2009 [American Council on International Personnell, "Examining Proposals to Create a New Commission on Employment-Based Immigration," 6-18-9, http://www.immigrationworksusa.org/uploaded/file/ACIP Commission Paper Final.pdf, accessed 9-12-10, mss] Both Marshall and MPI envision … welcoming immigration policies. Offshoring causes protectionist backlash Blinder, economic professor at Princeton, 2006 (Alan, “Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?, Foreign Affairs; Mar/Apr2006, Vol. 85 Issue 2, ebsco, ldg) DESPITE ALL the political … be under great strain protectionism causes nuclear war Spicer, economist and former member of British Parliament, 1996 (Michael, “The Challenge from the East and the Rebirth of the West” p. 121, ldg) A world divided into … in the years ahead.

Courts 2AC
1. Perm do the CP-the CP is just an example of how the plan can be implemented- we don’t specify our agent. 2. The plenary power doctrine is key to strict border enforcement and preventing WMD terrorism Glon, J.D. Candidate, Indiana University School of Law, 2005 [Justin, Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, "Note: "Good Fences Make Good Neighbors:" N1 National Security And Terrorism - Time To Fence In Our Southern Border," 15 Ind. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 349, l/n, accessed 7-25-10, mss] The plenary power doctrine … not enter at all. n263 The impact is extinction Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Al-Ahram Weekly political analyst, ‘04 [Al-Ahram Weekly, "Extinction!" 8/26, no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm] What would be the consequences … will all be losers. 3. Perm do both-shields the link Perine, CQ Staff, 2008 (Keith, “Congress Unlikely to Try to Counter Supreme Court Detainee Ruling”, 6-12, [], ldg) Thursday’s decision, from … say, ‘The devil made me do it.’ ” 4. Immigration ruling spark backlash- Pistone, Villanova law professor, 2002 [Michele, Villanova University School of Law Assistant Professor of Law and Director of Clinical Programs, Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, "A Times Sensitive Response to Professor Aleinikoff's Detaining Plenary Power," 16 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 391, l/, accessed 7-23-10, mss] The repercussions for constitutional … and future immigrants. n67 Causes rollback. Roberts, WVU law professor, 2006 (Caprice, "Jursidiction Stripping in Three Acts: A Three String Serenage," Villanova Law Review, Vill. L. Rev. 593, lexis, ldg) Yet, the role of the Supreme Court …-state patchwork quilt. 5. Courts link to politics. Harrison, Jenner and Block Litigation associate, 2005 (Lindsay, “Does the Court Act as "Political Cover" for the Other Branches?” 11-18 legaldebate.blogspot.com, ldg) While the Supreme Court … the attention of the public.

Delegation 2AC
1. Perm do the counterplan-this is just an example of how the plan could be enacted, we don’t specify implementation. 2. Doesn’t solve case-Delegation takes years to be implemented-and often isn’t implemented Scoenbrod 1998 (David Schoenbrod, professor of law at New York Law School and expert on the delegation of executive powers, federal regulation, injunctions, air pollution, and institutional reform litigationThe Delegation of Legislative Powers, [|http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb105-4.html)jap] Moreover, delegation often … machine requires to issue standards. Loss of food independence increases the probability of an agroterrorist attack-timeframe is imminent Mann 2002 (Peter, international coordination for World Hunger Year and on the board of the Community Food Security Coalition, Homeland Security Must Include Food Security, Whole Earth, Fall 2002)jap Americans take for granted … can touch all of us. This guarantees extinction Richard Ochs, APG Superfund Citizens' Coalition, 6/9/02, "Biological Weapons Must be Abolished Immediately" While a "nuclear winter," resulting … EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE. 3. Turn: Cede the political A. Delegation takes away public control of the government Scoenbrod 1998 (David Schoenbrod, professor of law at New York Law School and expert on the delegation of executive powers, federal regulation, injunctions, air pollution, and institutional reform litigationThe Delegation of Legislative Powers, [|http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb105-4.html)jap] Forcing Congress to vote on each … accomplish exactly that. B. Extinction results. Boggs, National University, 1997 (Carl, “The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America.”, Theory & Society; Dec97, Vol. 26 Issue 6, p741-780, ebsco, ldg) The decline of the public sphere in …vanished from civil society.75 4. Congress hates delegation-CP causes backlash. Their Author, Rodriguez, NYU law professor, 2010 (Cristina, “Constraint Through Delegation: The Case of Executive Control Over Immigration Policy”, July, online pdf, ldg) Of course, the fact that the claim … money effectively.167

Parole 2AC
Perm do both-shields the link Epstein and O'Halloran, Columbia political science professors, 1999 (David and Sharyn, “SYMPOSIUM: The Nondelegation Doctrine and the Seperation of Powers: A Political Science Approach”, January, 20 Cardozo L. Rev. 947, lexis, ldg) Peter Aranson, Ernest Gellhorn… shift more credit to executive agents. CP would get rolled back. Cox and Rodriguez, Chicago and NYU law professor, 2009 (Adam and Cristina, “The President and Immigration Law” The Yale Law Journal 119:458 2009, ldg) That the Attorney General, … admissible by Congress. n162 Doesn’t solve the aff – cross apply baker Griffith and Bruno. Workers won’t come if visa requirements aren’t changes and employers won’t hire them if wage requirements aren’t changes. CP doesn’t solve permanency perception. Cox and Rodriguez, Chicago and NYU law professor, 2009 (Adam and Cristina, “The President and Immigration Law” The Yale Law Journal 119:458 2009, ldg) A few exceptions to this … humanitarian cases. n223 Predictability and permanency is key to immigrants Somerville et al., Senior Policy Analyst at MPI, 2009 (Will, “Talent in the 21st-Century Economy”, 8-4, [|www.migrationpolicy.org/transatlantic/Talent.pdf], ldg) The first element, that of clear, …settlement and citizenship. CP is unpredictable for businesses. Rodriguez, NYU law professor, 2010 (Cristina, “Constraint Through Delegation: The Case of Executive Control Over Immigration Policy”, July, online pdf, ldg) The fact that an executive … response to policy outcomes. Predictability key to solve offshoring. ACIP, 2009 (American Council on International Personnell, "Examining Proposals to Create a New Commission on Employment-Based Immigration," 6-18-9, [|http://www.immigrationworksusa.org/uploaded/file/ACIP Commission Paper Final.pdf], ldg) Both Marshall and MPI envision …welcoming immigration policies. Offshoring causes protectionist backlash Blinder, economic professor at Princeton, 2006 (Alan, “Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?, Foreign Affairs; Mar/Apr2006, Vol. 85 Issue 2, ebsco, ldg) DESPITE ALL the political … be under great strain Protectionism causes nuclear war Spicer, economist and former member of British Parliament, 1996 (Michael, “The Challenge from the East and the Rebirth of the West” p. 121, ldg) A world divided into rigid trade blocs … a premium in the years ahead.

Waivers 2AC
Visa waivers are a backdoor for terrorists- AND its controversial- links to politics Waterman, Washington Times staff writer, 3-2-2007 [Shaun, "Analysis: Senate visa waiver expansion," UPI, l/n, accessed 9-2-10, mss] But the expansion is controversial, …undocumented or illegal population." Nuclear terrorism risks world war and extinction, even if it doesn’t work Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Al-Ahram Weekly political analyst, ‘04 [Al-Ahram Weekly, "Extinction!" 8/26, no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm] What would be the consequences of … planet, we will all be losers. Obama gets the blame- he’s the Velcro president- AND he’ll insert himself into the plan, even if he doesn’t have to Nicholas and Hook, LA Times staff Washington Bureau, 7-30-2010 [Peter and Janet, "Obama the Velcro president," LA Times, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730,0,4835974,full.story, accessed 9-14-10, mss] Obama the Velcro president… The buck stops with his office."

Robotics 2AC
Public favors deficit reduction over spending Bell, National Journal reporter, 10 (7-20, Peter, “Public Puts Higher Priority On Cutting Budget Deficit,” http://congressionalconnection.nationaljournal.com/2010/07/public-puts-higher-priority-on.php) atw Fifty-one percent of the public …percent favored tax cuts. Non Unique and Link Turn: Innovation down now – decreased productivity – immigration solves Holt 2000 (Dr. James S. Holt, National Council of Agricultural Employers, June 15, 2000, http://are.berkeley.edu/APMP/pubs/agworkvisa/agjobs99/holtcomplete615.html)jap A third alternative to …by domestic production costs. Tech can’t solve the aff- time, production, and inevitability check James F. Thompson, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at the University of California and Steven C. Blank, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2000 (“Harvest mechanization helps agriculture remain competitive” http://ucanr.org/repository/cao/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v054n03p51&fulltext=yes, accessed 8-19-10)RKB Other crops in California that … mechanical harvesting systems.

XO 2AC
1. Perm do the CP-the CP is just an example of how the plan can be implemented- we don’t specify our agent. 2. Unpopular XOs spark congressional backlash Risen, managing editor of Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, 2004 (Clay, “The Power of the Pen”, 7-16, [], ldg) The most effective check on executive orders … an anti-environmental president. 3. Perm do both-shields the link, both branches can blame each other 4. Rollback A. Courts will overturn presidential attempts to legislate through executive orders National Journal, 2000 (Michael Posner, January 1, l/n) Federal courts have in some … amounted to legislation. B. Future presidents Cooper, Vermont political science professor, 1997 (Phillip, “Power tools for an effective and responsible presidency” Administration and Society, Vol. 29, proquest, ldg) Even if they serve … policy than the alternatives. 5. Congress resists president meddling in visas Rodriguez, NYU law professor, 2010 (Cristina, “Constraint Through Delegation: The Case of Executive Control Over Immigration Policy”, July, online pdf, ldg) On the first question of political … Commission from the bill.159 6. Executive orders take years Mayer, Professor of political science at University of Wisconsin, 02 (Kenneth, With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive orders and Presidential Power, p. 61) In contemporary practice, executive orders … necessary consensus or clearances.

Mexico Border Enforcement Condition 2AC
Perm do the CP-doesn’t prove the aff is a bad idea Perm do the plan and the cp regardless of result of the talks Mexico would say no – Arizona proves Conditions counter plans are illegitimate 1. Doesn't test the desirability of the plan, still proves it’s a good idea 2. Kills aff ground - since it includes the entirety of the plan, we can't generate offense off of it. 3. Unpredictable - impossible to determine what the plan could be conditioned on, leads to unfair neg ground. Voter for fairness and education. Terrorists won’t use nuclear weapons- too destructive, conventional means sufficient AND they don’t fit into their mobile strategic doctrine Bhatt, Rediff staff writer, 2-5-2008 [Sheela, "World should worry about US' 'loose nukes': Pak expert," Rediff (India), http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/05usnuke.htm, mss] While arguing about nuclear bombs falling into … space for terrorists across the globe -- instead of denying them space," Mazari said. [Matt note: She / Mazari = Shireen M Mazari, Director General of the Institute of Strategic Studies (Islamabad, Pakistan)] Alt cause- terrorists will enter through Canada not Mexico MacLeod, 11-17-2007 [Ian, Ottawa Citizen, "Weaknesses in securing the long, rugged U.S. land border with Canada make it a more likely entry point for nuclear terrorists planning to attack the United States than the border with Mexico, says a nuclear terrorism expert," l/n, accessed 8-5-10, mss] Obstacle course; Weaknesses in securing … for Canada would be ruinous.

Constitutional Convention 2AC
Perm do both – shields the link to the net benefit No Solvency—Constitutional Conventions lack legitimacy in the eyes of the public Williams 00 (Robert, Distinguished Professor of Law, Rutgers University School of Law, April, 52 Fla. L. Rev. 249, lexis) Other states, by contrast, have had … legitimacy in the public mind. Turn—Delays Even Negative authors concede that a “limited” Con Con would create delays—this is impacted by our 1AC Elliot 85 (Donald, Prof of Law @ Yale, December, 1985 Duke L.J. 1077, lexis) There are even more fundamental … about the federal deficit. No Net-Benefit—A Con Con would create nightmarish political confrontations domestically—proves our constitutional crisis turns and proves that the counterplan links to the DA’s Eidsmoe 92 (John, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Air Force Reserve, Constitutional Attorney + Professor of Law, Thomas Goode Jones School of Law, Faulkner University, 3 USAFA J. Leg. Stud. 35, lexis) However, one could imagine … and the Convention. Turn—Worst Idea Ever A) A Con Con would create confusion and uncertainties that unsettle financial markets and undermine US global leadership Schlafly 96 (Phyllis, conservative political activist, "Is a Con Con Hidden in Term Limits?," May, http://www.eagleforum.org/psr/1996/may96/psrmay96.html) A Con Con would throw … happening again.

=Disad 2AC's=

Politics
Won’t pass – politics The New York Times, 2/4/2011 (“More Trade Follies,” The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/05/opinion/05sat2.html?_r=1, accessed 2/5/2011) jba It’s been more than three years … disease in the United States. Non-unique- fights now- A. Budget Welna, NPR's congressional correspondent, 2-4-2011 [David, NPR's congressional correspondent since the end of the Clinton administration, "Budget Wars: A Standoff Escalates In Congress," NPR, www.npr.org/2011/02/04/133479814/budget-wars-a-standoff-escalates-in-congress, accessed 2-4-11, mss] Budget Wars: A Standoff … in the history of Congress." B. Abortion NBC News, 1-21-2011 ["Congress: Focusing on abortion," firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/01/21/5891439-congress-focusing-on-abortion, accessed 2-4-11, mss] Congress: Focusing on abortion …Medicare Advantage plans.” C. Wolves Schenkel, MNN political reporter in Washington D.C, 2-3-2011 [Andrew, "Congress wants wolves off endangered species list," MNN, www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/blogs/congress-wants-wolves-off-endangered-species-list, accessed 2-4-11, mss] Congress wants wolves off endangered species list… get solved this time around. SK won’t pass Yonhap 12-5-2010 (“S. Korea-U.S. FTA likely to gather steam for parliamentary approvals”, [], ldg) But the local political … in the 299-seat single-chamber house. Obama has no capital-passing legislation proves his power Rajiv, Harvard Political Review, 1-14-2011 (Tarigopula, “President Obama’s Political Capital”, [], ldg) The polarization of American … Americans back to work. No link and turn – governmental intervention solves problems and ag worker reform is seen as necessary Schuck 1/30 [Peter H. Schuck teaches at Yale and New York University law schools. His most recent book is "Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation," An immigration reform window opens, [|http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/30/opinion/la-oe-schuck-immigration-20110130/3jap]] First, notwithstanding the heated politics … shortages throughout the world. Only bold expenditures of political capital can replenish political clout Heineman, 3-23-10 (Ben, “No presidential greatness without spending political capital,” []) Only in recent months, when he was willing … to risk political standing. Agricultural worker reforms have bipartisan support Emily B. White, J.D. Candidate, University of California, Berkeley School of Law (“How We Treat Our Guests: Mobilizing Employment Discrimination Protections in a Guest Worker Program”, 28 Berkeley J. Emp. & Lab. L. 269, lexis)RKB Various interest groups from all … clearly distinguishable from a concept of amnesty.

De-dev 2AC
Ag industry collapsing now. Labor shortages collapse the ag industry through decreased competitiveness and production. Increased foreign workers solves. And ag collapse leads to Us economic collapse that spills over to the global economy guaranteeing nuclear war and extinction-that’s auslin. Can’t abandon growth, past the limits of growth-only way to avert extinction is through technological progress AtKisson, former executive editor of In Context: A Quarterly of Humane Sustainable Culture, 2003 (Alan, “Sustainability is Dead— Long Live Sustainability”, 3-20, [], ldg) At precisely the moment when humanity’s science… technological path, and we can never stop. Exponential growth solves everything in 20 years Kurzweil, Co-Founder, Chancellor & Trustee, Singularity University, 200 8 (Ray, “Making the World A Billion Times Better”, 4-13, [], ldg) Yet as powerful as information technology … course of progress is exponential. Growth Mindset Inevitable-Human Nature Beckerman, emeritus fellow at Balliol College, Oxford, 19 95 (Wilfred, “Through green-colored glasses: environmentalism reconsidered”, pg 21, ldg) Most criticisms of economic growth … their populations aspire.

Wages 2AC
Wage deflation now-solving the double dip solves wage deflation Russell, Daily Planet staff, 9-5-2010 [Scott, "Reports highlight need for more government action on slumping economy, wages," www.tcdailyplanet.net/blog/minnesota-budget-project/reports-highlight-need-more-government-action-slumping-economy-wages, accessed 9-30-10, mss] As we leave Labor Day weekend, … over the last two years." No Link-American’s don’t want the jobs means no wage deflation cross apply Greenwood Turn-immigration reform leads to competitive wage response cross apply the Bruno evidence and the Baker evidence Immigration is good for productivity and wages Thompson, staff editor at Atlantic Business, November 17, 200 9 (Derek, The Atlantic, “Immigration: Good for Productivity, Good for Wages”, [], accessed 6/7/10) kel It's commonly understood that immigration reform …in vulnerable economic sectors. There’s no impact to wage deflation- government intervention solves Kim, Macroeconomics and Markets and Labor researcher, ‘10 (August 23, Moses, Columbia University, Macroeconomics and Markets and Labor researcher, “Reasons Why Deflation Is Not A Threat”, [], accessed 10/07/10) kel Deflationists constantly conflate … about this I am sure. Current rising food prices are going to put investment into a spiraling stage in the short term – killing the economy AND the market corrects itself in the long term, takes out any impact turns Cox 9/9/10 (Jeff, Staff Writer, With Global Food Prices Rising, What Can Investors Do? http://www.cnbc.com/id/39078802/With_Global_Food_Prices_Rising_What_Can_Investors_Do)jap Growing fear over surging food prices … should calm down."

Malthus 2AC
Overpopulation now-not due to immigration Ehrlich, Professor of Population Studies at Stanford University and associate director and policy coordinator of the Center for Conservation Biology at Stanford University, last updated 5/19/ 10 (Paul and Anne, “THE POPULATION EXPLOSION,” http://dieoff.org/page27.htm, CW, accessed on 9/3/10) T he key to understanding … THE POPULATION EXPLOSION; Simon and Schuster, 1990. Phone: 212-698-7000] Plan allows for market response—ensuring that only the necessary amounts of people come into the US through the plan LoBreglio, JD Candidate, 200 5 (Kiera, J.D. Candidate @ Saint John’s University, The Border Security And Immigration Improvement Act: A Modern Solution To A Historic Problem? St. John's Law Review. Summer, 2004, 78 St. John's L. Rev. 933)jap 2. 1943 H-2 Visa Program In 1943, Congress established the H-2 visa program in order … to deal with them in a population specific manner. Case solves the impact-better economy means better environmental solutions and US hegemony allows for international cooperation over population and environmental problems Immigration doesn’t trigger the impact – industries make the impact inevitable Angus et al., editor of Climate and Capitalism, 2010 (Ian, “People are not pollution -- Why climate activists should not support limits on immigration” 1-25, [], ldg) The view that stopping immigration to … economy we need to fight for.

National ID 2AC
Our interpretation is that plan passes immediately. No rider DA’s A. Key to predictability – any number of riders could be attached to the bill it’s impossible to predict since the links don’t even have to be off the plan but a docket issue B. It’s reciprocal and puts them in a double bind on politics – the aff can say that gets passed as a rider None of their evidence assumes republican sentiment now-they need to read a card from the current congress for you to vote on horse-trading No link-their evidence assumes a broad immigration reform bill, not piecemeal reform. Piecemeal is the trade for republicans No impact- won’t pass or be attached, and even if they do there’s no impact- other countries prove Drum, Mother Jones staff writer, American political blogger and columnist, 4-30-2010 [Kevin, "ID, Please," http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2010/04/id-please?page=1, accessed 10-17-10, mss] I've written about this before, and it's fine … proposal getting anywhere. The administration is implementing a new office to hedge against cyberterror Merritt, EE Times staff writer, 1/7/2011 (Rick, “White House ramps up secure ID program,” EE Times, http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4212003/White-House-ramps-up-secure-ID-program, accessed 1/14/2011) jba The Obama Administration is setting …that will oversee its implementation. Thousands of cyber terror attacks every year on our nuclear weapons system and no impact Won’t pass- no constituency- anti-immigrants in congress are also small-gov hacks- they won’t support a national ID program Even so this puts a double bind on the skfta disad – horsetrading means backlash happens with the national ID disad =Kritik 2AC's=

Cap K 2AC
No Link-we talk about starvation too-cross apply cross ex Case outweighs-rejecting the aff kills the economy which leads to wars and extinction and kills food security leads to hegemonic decline. Only in a world of us leadership can any conflicts be solved. And, agricultural collapse creates global food crises-hundreds of thousands will die. Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Jeffrey C. Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Power is not a dirty ...political effectiveness. Exponential growth solves everything in 20 years Kurzweil, Co-Founder, Chancellor & Trustee, Singularity University, 2008 (Ray, “Making the World A Billion Times Better”, 4-13, [], ldg) Yet as powerful as information ... of progress is exponential. Impact Debate Innovation and rewards are key to space colonization. Becerra, JD, 2k (Robert, “The Ultimate Real Estate Deal”, 4-4, [], ldg) What then will be ...perhaps, lives to reach. Space key to solve extinction Gangale, aerospace engineer, former Air Force officer and executive director at OPS-Alaska, 2007 (Thomas, “A Progressive Vision of Human Space Exploration--Important to California, a Leader in Aerospace and High Tech”, 12-4, [], ldg) Developing a spacefaring culture ...running is obvious. Rejection of capitalism causes massive transition wars and fails Harris, fellow Hoover Institution, 2003 (Lee, “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing”, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html, ldg) This is the immiserization ...to pipe dreams. Alternative Debate Perm do the plan and the alt in all other instances Perm do the plan than the alternative Withdrawal does nothing to challenge cap Herod, American University social activist, 2007 (James, Getting Free: Creating an Association of Democratic Autonomous Neighborhoods, March 2007, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/05.htm, ldg) We cannot destroy ...freedom for anyone.

Random Terrorism Disad Mo State KR Read as a K 2AC
Perm do the plan and eliminate all other visas Tying employment and visa status to one’s employer reentrenches the system of slavery in the agricultural industry – the first step away from this system of hierarchy and capital is to remove this requirement Pope 10 (James Gray, Professor of Law and Sidney Reitman Scholar, Rutgers University, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1849, May)jap Perhaps the biggest single supporting … without facing deportation. n93 Every possibility of slavery’s continuance must be rejected. Compromise on slavery makes it inevitable. Garrison 1854 (William Lloyd, one of the most prominent abolitionists, was founder and publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper, "The Liberator," and was also a founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, “Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Admits of No Compromise with the Evil of Slavery,” http://members.aol.com/jfepperson/garrison.html) I am a believer in that portion of the … The supremacy of God over the whole earth!" Taking away visas leads to illegal immigration that is an internal link turn to their K 1. Case outweighs: Economic decline makes us more vulnerable to terrorist attacks and hegemonic decline kills our ability to get cooperation from other nations to fight terrorism Loss of food independence increases the probability of an agroterrorist attack-timeframe is imminent Mann 2002 (Peter, international coordination for World Hunger Year and on the board of the Community Food Security Coalition, Homeland Security Must Include Food Security, Whole Earth, Fall 2002)jap Americans take for granted a global food … that kinds of threat can touch all of us. This guarantees extinction Richard Ochs, APG Superfund Citizens' Coalition, 6/9/02, "Biological Weapons Must be Abolished Immediately" While a "nuclear winter," resulting from a … EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE. Plan solves the vulnerability of our agricultural supply Wenger, California Farm Bureau Federation president, 2010 [Paul, "The Conversation: Pass AgJOBS plan to allow seasonal workers," Sacramento Bee, http://www.sacbee.com/2010/05/23/2768836/the-conversation-pass-agjobs-plan.html, accessed 6-1-10, mss] It's important to stress that California … picked by a legal work force.

Perm do both-only preparing in the physical and psychological sense solves the impacts Martin, Wollongong social sciences professor, 2002 (Brian, “Activism After Nuclear War?,”, 9-3, [], ldg) If worst comes to worst and …organisationally and psychologically. Perm is a double bind-either the alt can overcome the status quo so it can overcome the plan, or it can’t solve. Apocalyptic rhetoric is good—the failure to discuss the extraordinary threats to human survival dooms us to extinction Beres 03 (Louis Rene, Prof of Int’l Law @ Purdue, Journal and Courier, 6/5, lexis) We must also look closely … may yet be discovered. Evaluating the likely consequences of our prescriptions shapes successful social change. Carle, law professor at American university, 2005 (Susan, “Theorizing Agency”, 55 Am. U.L. Rev. 307, lexis, ldg) Precisely because he believed … political disengagement and apathy. [|287] Realism inevitable – states view themselves as being in competition with each other and will use war to ensure their survival. Lipshutz, professor at UC Sanra Cruz, 1998. (Ronnie D., Ph.D. in political science., On Security, this is the introductory chapter to the book of the same name, Colombia University Press, 1998, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz11.html). Jt In the most basic sense, what …defense and, if necessary, war. Alternative – Doesn’t Solve – Focusing solely on discourse leads to political paralysis. Jarvis, Professor at the University of British Colombia, 2000 (Darryl, Ph.D. in international politics., International relations and the challenge of postmodernism, p. 190, 7-11-9). Jt The simple and myopic assumption … search for "thinking space."

Nietzche 2AC
Nonunique – links happening in the squo. Workers treated as commodities now plan solves Pope 10 (James Gray, Professor of Law and Sidney Reitman Scholar, Rutgers University, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1849, May)jap Perhaps the biggest single supporting …facing deportation. n93 Growth Mindset Inevitable-Human Nature Beckerman, emeritus fellow at Balliol College, Oxford, 1995 (Wilfred, “Through green-colored glasses: environmentalism reconsidered”, pg 21, ldg) Most criticisms of economic … which their populations aspire. Cross apply arbatov – drive for dominance is inevitable as well – it’s only a question of who’s got the power Perm do both-They’ve misread Nietzsche as an anti-institutionalist. Self-creation occurs in coexistence with rules of law and order. The alternative is orgiastic self-annihilation. Hatab, .PhD. in philosophy from the University of Calgary, 2002 (Lawrence, “Prospects for a Democratic Agon: Why We Can Still Be Nietzscheans,” The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 24 (2002) p132-147, project muse, ldg) It is a mistake, however, to read … departures from the norm. Perm resolves the alt’s moral relativism and prevents oppression. Hatab, professor at Old Dominion, 2002 (Lawrence, “Prospects For A Democratic Agon: Why We Can Still Be Nietzscheans”, The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 24 (2002) 132-147, project muse, ldg) Democratic respect forbids … inviolably possessed by an originating self. Ressentiment links to itself—Nietzsche’s theory relies upon blaming the slaves for their creative force in distorting true morality. This proves that hoping for a better world is inevitable and internal link turns your K. Bittner, Department of Philosophy at the University of Bielefeld, 1994 (Ruddiger, “Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality: Essays on Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals”, pg 135-136, ldg) A third reason, connected again with the previous …But somewhere with us it must be. Suffering is meaningless by itself, but this does not mean that we should give up trying to create meaning. Rather our actions have meaning when we ascribe intention to them and we must endeavor to make something out of our suffering for then it acquires meaning and becomes a part of the whole of my personhood. Nehamas, philosophy professor at Princeton University, 1994 (Alexander, “The Genealogy of genealogy interpretation in Nietzsche’s Second Untimely Mediation and in On the Genealogy of Moral, pg 63-64, ldg) I agree with Danto that Nietzsche believes that …will says to it, “But thus I will it; thus I shall will it.” Perm do both-only preparing in the physical and psychological sense solves the impacts Martin, Wollongong social sciences professor, 2002 (Brian, “Activism After Nuclear War?,”, 9-3, [], ldg) If worst comes to worst and … organisationally and psychologically. Perm is a double bind-either the alt can overcome the status quo so it can overcome the plan, or it can’t solve. Apocalyptic rhetoric is good—the failure to discuss the extraordinary threats to human survival dooms us to extinction Beres 03 (Louis Rene, Prof of Int’l Law @ Purdue, Journal and Courier, 6/5, lexis) We must also look closely at higher … may yet be discovered. Alt cedes the political-people don’t think criticism is useful. Gitlin, PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley, 2005 (Todd, The Intellectuals and the Flag, pg 1-2, ldg) This book assumes that political t…resistance is its negative pole. Makes the K impacts inevitable Boggs, professor of social sciences at National University, 1997 (Carl, “The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America”, December, Volume 26, Number 6, http://www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.emory.edu/content/m7254768m63h16r0/fulltext.pdf, ldg) The decline of the public sphere in … that had vanished from civil society. 75 Turn—rejection of predictions creates marginal analysis, empower elites and leads to bad policy Fitzsimmons, 06 (The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning Author: Michael Fitzsimmons Published in: journal Survival, Volume 48, Issue 4 December 2006, pages 131 – 146) In effect, by denying the … predicting the future. Our impacts are local claims which can be accepted without legitimizing overarching systems of morality Tushnet, Georgetown Univeristy Law Professor, 1992 (Mark, “THE LEFT CRITIQUE OF NORMATIVITY: A COMMENT”, 90 Mich. L. Rev. 2325, lexis, ldg) The answer lies in their definition …rational, not that it is normative. Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002 (Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg) Power is not a dirty word or an … And it undermines political effectiveness. Responsibility to future generations only framework that allows for ethical responsibility. Kurasawa, Professor of Sociology at York University, 2004 (Fuyuki, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight”, Constellations Volume 11 Issue 4, Pages 453 – 475, Blackwell, ldg) What can be done in the face of short-sightedness? … civic associations can enact the work of preventive foresight.

“Politrix” 2AC
Perm do both – either the alt can’t solve or it can overcome the residual link of the aff Baudrillard makes no arguments, does no research, has no justification, and reduces theory to commodity – his writings are an excuse for people to make up arguments to allow for bad philosophy Attias '96 (Ben, professor of rhetoric at CSU-Northridge and Gordon Mitchell's former debate partner, "Welcome to the World of Jean Baudrillard," http://www.csun.edu/~hfspc002/baud/)jap Jean Baudrillard is "a … and absolute commodity," (Morris, 101, 210). Turn: Relegating human suffering to the realm of the sign and simulation is just disguised nihilism, which can never separate itself from a focus on the politics of death Kellner 89 (Dougals, Philosophy Chair @ UCLA, 89, Jean Baudrillard, p. 107-108) Yet does the sort of symbolic … attraction of the postmodern carnival. Preventing Nuclear War Requires Considering Scenarios For How It Might Start Harvard Nuclear Study Group, LIVING WITH NUCLEAR WEAPONS, 1983, p.47. (MHSOLT2226) The question is grisly, but nonetheless it must … because they have not been foreseen. Nuclear war is a threat in reality. Obfuscating the danger invites violence. Treat, Prof. East Asian Languages and Literature Yale University, 1995 (John, Writing Ground Zero: Japanese Literature and the Atomic Bomb”, p. 361-362, ldg) But we must also see the common … by Western literary theory. Predictions are essential to inform policy discourse and determine the context for the morality of the aff John J. Mearsheimer, University of Chicago Wendell Harrison Professor of Political Science, 2001, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, p. 7-8 Despite these hazards, … of trying to predict events. Our ethical obligation to secure justice demands calculative thought—the alternative is the continuation of violence and oppression Campbell, Durham political geography professor, 1999 (David, Moral Spaces, pg 46-7, ldg) That undecidability resides … forming the worst complicities." 6 Alternative cedes the political Boggs, professor of social sciences at National University, 1997 (Carl, “The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America”, December, Volume 26, Number 6, http://www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.emory.edu/content/m7254768m63h16r0/fulltext.pdf, ldg) While multiple sites of power and … and visions of a better society.58 Makes the K impacts inevitable Boggs, professor of social sciences at National University, 1997 (Carl, “The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America”, December, Volume 26, Number 6, http://www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.emory.edu/content/m7254768m63h16r0/fulltext.pdf, ldg) The decline of the public sphere in late … that had vanished from civil society. 75

Queer Theory 2AC
No Internal Link—Reproduction in society is NOT defined by heterosexual norms—the K marginalizes present queer identities and practices. Brenkman, English professor City University of New York, 2002 (John, “Politics, mortal and natal: an arendtian rejoinder. (Dialogue).(response to Lee Edelman's response to author's response to Edelman's lecture on the image of children as the future and gay politics)”, Narrative, 5/1/2002 project muse) Innovation is a crucial … inside as well as outside politics. We practice queer optimism-not futurism-working to help humanity is key to positive action. Snediker, literature professor Mount Holyoke College, 2006 (Michael, “Queer Optimism”, Postmodern Culture, Volume 16 Number 3, project muse, ldg) For all the lexical and semantic … queer theory's own perspicacities. Queer optimism navigates the non-normative–it is not based in heterosexuality Snediker, literature professor Mount Holyoke College, 2006 (Michael, “Queer Optimism”, Postmodern Culture, Volume 16 Number 3, project muse, ldg) Bersani's and Dutoit's qualification of optimism … possible fictions of aggression. Perm do our plan and embrace queer negativity Perm do both – The plan and the alternative are not mutually exclusive – oppositional strategies must include the state as well as individual responses. Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 117-118) Strategy in this context consists … realm of social and productive power. Political action is as necessary a starting point as the alternative—it has to become part of the meta-narrative Kirsch, professor comparative studies Florida Atlantic, 2000 (Max H, QUEER THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 123) Queer theory, then, needs to be … only a beginning, but a necessary one. Their psychoanalytic framing of queerness fails – queerness is not outside of society or the “asymbolic” queer communities have formed alternative communities within society Brenkman, English professor at CUNY, 2002 (John, “Queer Post-Politics”, Narrative 10.2 (2002) 174-180, project muse, ldg) What I want to question here … "logic" or "mechanism" of the psyche. Queer politics requires pragmatic assessment of institutional consequences. Phelan, political science professor at New Mexico, 2000 (Shane “Queer Liberalism” American Political Science Review, 94:2, Academic Onefile, ldg) There is more challenge in Steven Seidman's … difference in modern democracies. Their rejection of all future-thinking as scapegoating ignores the crucial components of energy and agency for queer strategy. Hall, English professor at West Virginia, 2006 (Donald, Imagining Queer Studies Out of the Doldrums” Chronicle of Higher Education 9-15 53 (4), ebsco, ldg) But the question remains as to … to actually get us there. Debate over future consequences is more important for queer politics that transcending futurism – we should resist their false analogy between reproductive sex and social reproduction of the future Feit, professor of women’s studies at George Mason, 2005 (Mario, “Extinction Anxieties: Same-Sex Marriage and Modes of Citizenship”, Theory & Event, Volume 8, Issue 3, project muse, ldg) Warner is thus concerned with the purity … for plural queer communities. Turn – their assumption that futuristic concerns are herteronormative are false – queer politics requires people to transmit cultural memory from the past to the future – Queers fear cultural extinction, denying the necessity to transmit culture to the future limits queer politics Feit, professor of women’s studies at George Mason, 2005 (Mario, “Extinction Anxieties: Same-Sex Marriage and Modes of Citizenship”, Theory & Event, Volume 8, Issue 3, project muse, ldg) While Butler's and Warner's arguments … directions of democratic political processes.

Butler/Sovereignty K 2AC
Case outweighs-rejection of the plan leads to economic collapse that culminates in extinction this also functions as a transition war against the alternative argument means alt has no solvency No link-we allow for open borders for all farmers it eliminates the delineation-plan is a step in the right direction Perm do the plan and all noninclusive parts of the alternative Perm do the plan as an incremental rejection of sovereignty Totalizing rejections of sovereignty destroys freedom-incremental reformism is the best approach. Damai, English professor University of Michigan, 2005 (Puspa, The Killing Machine of Exception: Sovereignty, Law, and Play in Agamben's State of Exception”, The New Centennial Review, Volume 5 Issue 3, project muse, ldg) But instead of critiquing this onto-…an anthropological and ontological destiny"[|1] (2000, 308). Perm do both – You can do both-power relations are strategically reversible-empirically proven. Campbell, political science professor John Hopkins University, 1998 (David, Writing Security: US Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity; p. 204-205, ldg) The political possibilities enabled … peace movements (among others) have also issued claims on society. Permutation is a double bind-either the alternative is strong enough to overcome status quo instances of biopower so it can overcome the plan, or the alt doesn’t solve The modern sovereign state is not like the twentieth century totalitarian state – liberal democracy checks the impact of biopower. Dickinson, professor UC Davis, 2004 (Edward Ross, Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About “Modernity,” Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, March, project muse, ldg) In short, the continuities …radically differing potentials. Perm do the plan and the alt in all other instances Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Jeffrey C. Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Power is not a dirty word … undermines political effectiveness. Perm do the plan and eliminate all other visas Taking away visas leads to illegal immigration that is an internal link turn to their K Alt cedes the political-people don’t think criticism is useful. Gitlin, PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley, 2005 (Todd, The Intellectuals and the Flag, pg 1-2, ldg) This book assumes that …resistance is its negative pole. Makes the K impacts inevitable Boggs, professor of social sciences at National University, 1997 (Carl, “The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America”, December, Volume 26, Number 6, http://www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.emory.edu/content/m7254768m63h16r0/fulltext.pdf, ldg) The decline of the public sphere in … that had vanished from civil society. 75 The affirmative leads to new and worse forms of discrimination Hill 2009 (John Lawrence, Professor of Law, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy John S. Grimes Fellow Indiana University School of Law, The Political Centrist, p. 202)jap But alas, there is something of … create a thousand petty fortresses.” Tying employment and visa status to one’s employer reentrenches the system of slavery and inhibits the free labor market in the agricultural industry – the first step away from this system of hierarchy is to remove this requirement Pope 10 (James Gray, Professor of Law and Sidney Reitman Scholar, Rutgers University, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1849, May)jap Perhaps the biggest single … facing deportation. n93 Every possibility of slavery’s continuance must be rejected. Compromise on slavery makes it inevitable. Garrison 1854 (William Lloyd, one of the most prominent abolitionists, was founder and publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper, "The Liberator," and was also a founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, “Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Admits of No Compromise with the Evil of Slavery,” http://members.aol.com/jfepperson/garrison.html) I am a believer in that portion of the Declaration … supremacy of God over the whole earth!"

Anxiety K 2AC
No link borders bad we remove a key instance of border and identification cross apply baker and bruno Utopian alternative – no one else will buy it alt doesn’t solve because other nations will still be violent 2. Perm do both 3. Death is bad – it brings goods things to an end Luper, PhD in philosophy from Harvard, 2006 (Steven, “Death”, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/death/, ldg) On the first interpretation, … to be all over with. 4. Perm do the plan and the alternative in all other instances. 5. Discussions of Real fears solve their anxiety arguments. Greenspan, Psychotherapist, 2003 (Miriam, “Healing through the Dark Emotions: The Wisdom of Grief, Fear, and Despair”, http://www.miriamgreenspan.com/excerpts/chapterSevenEx.html, ldg) While it would be comforting …epidemic in our time. 6. Good fear of death is distinct from irrational fear – it allows us to reduce danger, live ethically, and prepare for a peaceful death on our terms Gyatso, internationally renowned teacher of Buddhism., 2003 (Geshe, “Fear of Death”, http://www.dealingwithfear.org/fear-of-death.htm/, ldg) Generally, our fear of death is … practice, we can even attain a deathless body. 7. Always a value to life. Patterson, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2003 (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics 2003; 16; 1, Sage Journals, ldg) Appeals to a thoroughgoing quality … of meaningful value.13 =Topicality 2AC's=

Substantial 2AC
1. We meet: H-4A visa has no cap, so it adds an infinite amount of visas to the present number. The resolution says increase its visas and then specifies the category. H-4A with no limits meets their definition because it adds an infinity amount of visas – it’s the most grammatical way of interpreting the resolution. Grammar is the internal link to predictability which accesses all of their impacts. 2. Counterinterpretation: Substantial is in the main or the most important of the category Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2009 ["Substantially," http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=79480&dict=CALD, mss] substantial (GENERAL) Show phonetics adjective [before noun] FORMAL relating to the main or most important things being considered: The committee were in substantial agreement (= agreed about most of the things discussed). 3. Reasons to prefer: A. Education- ag workers are the heart of the topic and ensure good neg ground Griffith Cornell Law Prof 2010 (Kati L., Assistant Professor of Employment and Labor Law @ Cornell, US migrant Worker Law: the Interstices of Immigration Law and Employment Law, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cllpj31&div=9&g_sent=1&collection=journals#127)jap The INA specifies under what …(H-2A and H-2B visa holders). B. Lit checks- creates functional limits- only substantial cases have enough literature to be ran and competitive against process counterplans C. No ground loss- the neg gets disads links based on increasing temporary workers or ag workers not the overall increase to visas D. Don’t vote on potential abuse- rejecting only actual abuse solves. E. Reasonability- good is good enough- competing interpretations lead to a race to the bottom that kills education and ground on both sides AND our affirmative is reasonable because there is a congressional debate going on about agriculture worker visas now, takes out all their offense.

No New Visa 2AC
1. We meet: increase modifies nonimmigrant temporary worker visas- they already exist- this is the most grammatical and precise 2. Counter interpretation-a substantial increase means bringing something new into existence Lowe 2003 (E.J. Lowe, Prof. of Philosophy at Durham Univ., UK, “Substantial Change and Spatiotemporal Coincidence,” Ratio, XVI, 2, June, 2003) Change comes in several species, which differ …individual substances’, or ‘substantial individuals’. AND- expand means bringing about something new Tamar R. Birckhead, Clinical Assistant Professor of Law, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law, 2006 (“The Conviction Of Lynne Stewart And The Uncertain Future Of The Right To Defend”, 43 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1, Winter, lexis) RKB Since its inception, the U.S. government … [*15] types of people. n68 3. Kills aff ground- either aff ground is poor like entertainer or sports visas OR the mechanism doesn’t solve- the problem with most visas isn’t a cap or beneficiary restrictions but employer restrictions. 4. Education- ag workers are the heart of the topic and ensure good neg ground Griffith Cornell Law Prof 2010 (Kati L., Assistant Professor of Employment and Labor Law @ Cornell, US migrant Worker Law: the Interstices of Immigration Law and Employment Law, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cllpj31&div=9&g_sent=1&collection=journals#127)jap The INA specifies under what circumstances foreign …(H-2A and H-2B visa holders). 5. Substantial checks- forces affs to debate the main and most important cases Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2009 ["Substantially," @http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=79480&dict=CALD, mss] substantial (GENERAL) Show phonetics adjective [before noun] FORMAL relating to the main or most important things being considered: The committee were in substantial agreement (= agreed about most of the things discussed). 6. Lit checks- creates functional limits- only already proposed visas have sufficient literature- affs like nurses and ag workers have good ground and are predictable BUT entirely new visas would be unstrategic- no aff lit means no defense of the mechanism- the aff will always lose to process counterplans. 7. No ground loss- the neg gets disads links based on increasing temporary workers and ag workers- process link ground is irrelevant- substance is key. 8. Don’t vote on potential abuse- they should have ag links- rejecting only actual abuse solves. 9. Reasonability- good is good enough- competing interpretations lead to a race to the bottom that kills education and ground on both sides AND our affirmative is reasonable because there is a congressional debate going on about agriculture worker visas now.

Aspec 2AC
We meet-we specify the USFG which is all the resolution asks us to do and our solvency evidence specifies congressional action Counter-interpretation-we have a debate about normal means, but counterplans that change normal means are not competitive Reasons to prefer: 1. Topic specific education-agent specification and counterplans relating to the agent do not provide education about immigration policy which is key to this year’s topic since we only have one year to talk about immigration policy in debate 2. Literature checks-core literature about immigration revolves around the action of the plan, not the actor 3. Ground-specification kills ground on both sides-leads to unpredictable advantages off agent action and agent cps that are bad-they kill aff ground since we can’t leverage our 1AC and are unpredictable because there are multiple different agents that can be used to do the affirmative 4. Cross ex checks abuse-they could have asked 5. Reasonability-our interpretation of agent is reasonable and provides ground for both sides so there is no reason to reject us =2AC Add-ons=

Agroterror Addon
Loss of food independence increases the probability of an agroterrorist attack-timeframe is imminent Mann 2002 (Peter, international coordination for World Hunger Year and on the board of the Community Food Security Coalition, Homeland Security Must Include Food Security, Whole Earth, Fall 2002)jap Americans take for granted a global food system … of threat can touch all of us. This guarantees extinction Richard Ochs, APG Superfund Citizens' Coalition, 6/9/02, "Biological Weapons Must be Abolished Immediately" While a "nuclear winter," resulting from a massive … HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Modern Slavery Addon
Tying employment and visa status to one’s employer reentrenches the system of slavery in the agricultural industry – the first step away from this system of hierarchy is to remove this requirement Pope 10 (James Gray, Professor of Law and Sidney Reitman Scholar, Rutgers University, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1849, May)jap Perhaps the biggest single supporting …without facing deportation. n93 Every possibility of slavery’s continuance must be rejected. Compromise on slavery makes it inevitable. Garrison 1854 (William Lloyd, one of the most prominent abolitionists, was founder and publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper, "The Liberator," and was also a founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, “Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Admits of No Compromise with the Evil of Slavery,” http://members.aol.com/jfepperson/garrison.html) I am a believer in that portion of the …The supremacy of God over the whole earth!"

Offshoring Addon
Current labor shortages lead to off-shoring agriculture, trade wars, and starvation Real Clear Politics July 2, 2010 (Edward Schumacher-Matos, The Appeal of an AgJobs Bill, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/07/02/the_appeal_of_an_agjobs_bill_106174.html)jap The need for AgJobs is clear. American … home and starve). Offshoring causes protectionist backlash Blinder, economic professor at Princeton, 2006 (Alan, “Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?, Foreign Affairs; Mar/Apr2006, Vol. 85 Issue 2, ebsco, ldg) DESPITE ALL the political sound … trade may therefore be under great strain protectionism causes nuclear war Spicer, economist and former member of British Parliament, 1996 (Michael, “The Challenge from the East and the Rebirth of the West” p. 121, ldg) A world divided into rigid trade blocs … premium in the years ahead.

Organic Farming Addon
Organic farming can’t survive the labor shortages and stricter immigration measures against farm workers – displacement of illegal immigrants will make them go under. Santos 2009 (Florence Ivy M., Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, The Impact of Labor Constraints on the Farm Performance, http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/46821/2/SAEA_Paper.pdf)jap Organic farming, an economically and …working conditions they deserve. Studies prove Organic farming helps combat global warming New Farm 03 (Laura Sayre, “Organic farming combats global warming … big time,” [|http://www.newfarm.org/depts/NFfield_trials/1003/carbonsequest.shtml October 10], 2003) jap On October 10, The Rodale Institute® (TRI), the Pennsylvania …world--curb greenhouse gases. Runaway Warming causes extinction Tickell 2008 (Oliver, Climate Researcher, The Gaurdian, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, 8-11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/ commentisfree/2008/aug/11/ climatechange, ldg) We need to get prepared … hothouse Earth.

Small Farms Addon
H-2A restrictions threaten the stability of small farms-they depend upon foreign workers and are not getting any because of agency restrictions Leiber 2010 (Nick Leiber, Small Business Editor at Bloomberg Businessweek, Aug 26, 2010, Why It's Getting Harder to Hire Foreign Workers, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-26/why-it-s-getting-harder-to-hire-foreign-workers.html)jap Companies had hoped comprehensive … immigration lawyers say. Small farms are key to protecting genetic diversity- failure to do so will lead to extinction Boyce 2004 (James K., Director, Program on Development, Peacebuilding, and the Environment, Political Economy Research Institute, and Professor, Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “A Future for Small Farms?” http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/Boyce_paper_griffin_conference.pdf)RKB There is a future for small farms. …northwestern United States.