Mary+Washington+MM+(Patrick+McCleary+and+Colin+McElhinny)+Neg

toc = = = = =Districts=

Round 7 v JMU BW (H1Bs with Innovation (bunch of impacts), Xenophobia, India relations (prolif)
Aspec Courts Visa K Debt Ceiling Politics EU DA Protectionism Deflation Malthus Case

2NR: Debt Ceiling Protectionism Case

Round 5 v Liberty GW (H1Bs with Warming, Econ/Heg, India Relations (China war and Afghanistan)
Aspec Courts Visa K Entitlement Reform Politics EU DA Protectionism Deflation Malthus Case

2NR: Visa K

Entitlement Reform Politics
Falcone and Walter, ABC News, 2-16-11 (Michael and Amy, “The Note: Coming Together Or Coming Apart?: Obama, GOP Dance Around Budget, Entitlements,” http://blogs.abcnews.com/thenote/2011/02/the-note-coming-together-or-coming-apart-obama-gop-face-to-face-on-budget-entitlements.html, accessed 2-16-11, CMM) President Obama may be getting beaten up AND way, could be much more effective. B. Plan unpopular C. Obama leadership on entitlement reform is key to solve U.S. hegemony, the deficit, and U.S. military and economic power Alice Rivlin , Brookings Economic Studies Senior Fellow, Member of Obama’s National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform,  and  Pete  Domenici  , Former U.S. Senator,  2/17  /11, "Obama Should Lead on Tough Spending Cuts to Entitlements, Tax Reform," http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0217_spending_cuts_rivlin_domenici.aspx, access 2/19/11 President Obama’s budget proposal takes some AND deficit-cutting negotiations of the 1980s and 1990s, the better. Hegemony solves war – declines means global power war Khalilzad, former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN, 2-8-11 (Zalmay, United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, National Review Online, “The Economy and National Security,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad, accessed 2-8-11, CMM) We face this domestic challenge while other AND be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.
 * A. ** Entitlement reform debate now – Obama’s leadership is key to passage

EU DA
The EU has held off on a FTA with India by denying migration clauses – that’s key to the FTA Rosemberg, AFP, 12-10- 10 (Claire, “EU, India strive to dampen trade rows at summit,” http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hkOrNFOyfLRvThOYKp8VmLV7v28w?docId=CNG.a8f77417d0291e36102d6723ad98a57c.971, accessed 12-22-10, CMM) On the FTA, the two sides have AND movement of people " in the EU was key  .  Singh – Manmoham Singh, Indian Prime Minister   Changing US immigration policies causes sparks the global war for talent – causing the EU to make migration concessions to India, concluding FTA negotiations  [Jeroen, Rey Koslowski, and, Dietrich Thranhardt, The Battle for the Brains, pg 3 Accessed 11/1/10 [] JCP]
 * Doomernick ****, Transatlantic Academy , 9 **

Selective migration policies are AND visa for high-skilled workers.

That crushes the generic drug producers in India causing the quick death of millions. Ihucha, The Citizen, 12-20- 10 (Adam, “Worry for Aids patients ahead of EU-India deal,” http://thecitizen.co.tz/component/content/article/37-tanzania-top-news-story/6469-worry-for-aids-patients-ahead-of-eu-india-deal.html, accessed 12-20-10, CMM) The free trade agreement (  FTA  ) being negotiated AND and border measures, in a bid to avert human catastrophe.

Those drugs are key to check AIDS spread Spurgaitis, The United Church Observer, 12-2- 10 (Kevin, “Prescription for a pandemic,” http://www.ucobserver.org/ethics/2010/12/pandemic/, accessed 12-24-10, CMM) Reversing the spread of HIV-  AIDS is AND transmit the virus to another person. Unchecked AIDS spread causes instability in major power, escalating to nuclear conflict Cheek, a senior fellow and Africa analyst at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University, 4 (Randy, December, Foreign Service Journal, “PUBLIC HEALTH AS A GLOBAL SECURITY ISSUE,” www.afsa.org/fsj/dec04/Cheek.pdf, page 27, accessed 12-24-10, CMM) As Atwood notes, HIV is much more than AND increase the poten- tial for regional conflict and instability.

EU DA 2NC Cards
2. Probability - AIDS is systemic and outweighs war Bradol, MD, President MSF-France, 3 (Jean-Herve, MSF (Doctors Without Borders), International Activity Report, “Invisible: Do sick people with no money need to become rich before we see that we can keep them alive?,” http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/ar/report.cfm?id=1027, accessed 12-25-10, CMM) According to estimates by the World AND or curative (antimicrobial) treatments.

The FTA is key to EU-India relations Khandekar, FRIDE, 12-20- 10 (Guari, FRIDE is a think tank based in Madrid that aims to provide the best and most innovative thinking on Europe’s role in the international arena, EurActiv, “The EU-India strategic partnership: are we there yet?,” http://www.euractiv.com/en/global-europe/eu-india-strategic-partnership-are-we-there-yet-analysis-500812, accessed 12-21-10, CMM) But has this been reflected in the so-called strategic AND, and the fastest way is indeed through a successful comprehensive FTA ."   EU-India and US-India relations are zero sum    Jaffrelot , Director of Center for International Studies and Research, 6   (Christophe, research director at the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), which is the largest French public organization of scientific research, French political scientist, a graduate of the Institute of Political Studies, the University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne and the National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations (INALCO), it has a doctorate in political science from the IEP Paris, March, “India and the European Union: The Charade of a Strategic Partnership,” www.ceri-sciences-po.org/archive/mars06/art_cj.pdf , page 6, accessed 12-22-10, CMM) In the long term, the Indian approach should AND between India and the E uropean U nion! Russian instability causes conflict, nuclear terrorism, and environmental destruction David, Johns Hopkins poli sci professor, 99 (Steven, Jan/Feb, Foreign Affairs, “Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars,” lexis) If internal war does strike Russia, economic AND the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war.

Immigration policies are always perceived competitively and become politicized, inciting responses Shachar, University of Toronto Law Faculty, 6 [Ayelet, THE RACE FOR TALENT: HIGHLY SKILLED MIGRANTS AND COMPETITIVE IMMIGRATION REGIMESApril, [|New York University Law Review, Vol. 81] pg 105-107 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=883739&http://www.google.com/search?source=ig&hl=en&rlz=1G1GGLQ_ENUS240&=&q=europe+needs+high+skilled+immigrants&btnG=Google+Search&aq=f&oq= JCP] With the rise of the knowledge economy, the AND immigration theorists have neither identified nor explained.20

The FTA would collapse Indian pharma Mujtaba, CounterCurrent, 1-26- 11 (Syed Ali, “Trade Invaders- India EU Free Trade Negotiations,” http://www.countercurrents.org/mujtaba260111.htm, accessed 1-31-11, CMM) India has nurtured a large generic AND across the world will be left with no access to cheap medicines.

More migration concessions cause India to compromise Business Standard (India), 10 (9-25-10, “India, EU take another step towards FTA,” http://www.bilaterals.org/spip.php?article18180, accessed 2-17-11, CMM) One crucial Indian demand is on the services AND  a more general move in that direction.

Round 4 v Liberty PT (ag workers aff w/ new advs and plan)
Aspec T - Status Shift Courts Cp Mech Cp Debt Ceiling Politics Coercion Deflation Protectionism Malthus Case

2NR: Debt ceiling politics Case

Debt Ceiling Politics
Boehner is making compromises now with the Tea Party to get them to raise the debt ceiling – Boehner’s credibility is key to unity. Berman, The Hill, 2-7 -11 [Russell, “Now comes hard part for Boehner as run of Republican unity ends” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] Geithner has called the legislation, originally AND only been here a month, but I’ve got a lot of confidence in our leadership  .” Tea Partiers will backlash against moderate republican support of immigration policies. Gomez, USA Today, 12-23 -10 [Alan, “In new Congress, detours ahead for immigration bills” [], accessed 12-29-10, TP] On Wednesday, Obama said  his administration has AND said. "I hope you're going to see more of that." Not raising the debt ceiling would be catastrophic. Dayen, Fire Dog Lake, 11-1- 10 [David, “Could a Debt Limit Increase Get Held Hostage By Republicans?” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] Paul Krugman takes on the debt moralizers AND somebody to blame, but we’d have far more pressing concerns. Debt default collapses heg that triggers great power wars and extinction. Khalilzad, former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the UN, 2-8- 11 (Zalmay, United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, National Review Online, “The Economy and National Security,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad, accessed 2-8-11, CMM) Even worse, if unanticipated events trigger AND make aggressive moves in their regions.

1NR Debt Ceiling Cards
2. Magnitude – global collapse McClearn, Canadian Business magazine head writer, 2-28-11 [Matthew, “Dancing on the debt ceiling” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] Could the U nited St ates default ? Treasury Secretary AND wants more headroom. 3. Perception Sahadi, CNN senior writer, 2-17-11 [Jeanne, “Raise the debt limit -- or cut $738 billion” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] No one wants financial markets to lose AND response to Toomey's comments. 4. Sustainable recovery Sparshott, Dow Jones Newswires, 2-16-11 [Jeffrey, “Geithner Says Inaction On Debt Limit Would Harm Recovery” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] WASHINGTON (Dow Jones)--U.S. Treasury Secretary AND Budget Committee hearing. 5. Timeframe – it’s 24 hours Politics Daily 2/14/11 [2/14/11, " Forget the Obama Budget -- the Real Crisis Ahead Is the Debt Ceiling ", http://www.politicsdaily.com/2011/02/14/forget-the-obama-budget-the-real-crisis-ahead-is-the-debt-cei/ Accessed 2/17/11 JCP] Ever since Bill Clinton bested Newt AND would raise all borrowing costs." They say no legislation because democrats block  Dems will make budget concessions for compromise. Newton-Small, Time, 2-14-11 [Jay, “The Four Pieces of the Great Spending Debate” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] 3. The Debt Ceiling.  Democrats are hoping AND bill and real reform," Jordan says. Will pass – will overcome opposition. Sparshott and Hughes, Dow Jones Newswire, 2-15-11 [Jeffrey and Siobhan, “Treasury's Geithner Confident US Congress Will Raise Debt Ceiling” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] WASHINGTON - (Dow Jones)- Treasury AND borrowing and reduce the budget deficit. Deficit is the top priority in Washington – Boehner has to craft the compromise – he is walking a fine line. Newton-Small, Time, 2-14-11 [Jay, “The Four Pieces of the Great Spending Debate” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] Starting this week deficits and spending AND four main pieces of the puzzle. Here's an overview: But a contentious fight triggers the impact. CNNMoney 1/29/11 [Jeanne Sahadi, 1/29/11, " Playing chicken with the debt ceiling ", http://money.cnn.com/2011/01/29/news/economy/debt_ceiling_bond_market/ Accessed 2/16/11, JCP] The bond experts CNNMoney spoke to still AND with the debt ceiling is the nuclear option."  Republicans are looking to cooperate to increase the debt ceiling. Stiles, National Review, 1-15-11 [Andrew, “Down for a Deal” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] The 2010 midterms were a windfall for AND signaled they might be open to a deal  .   They say won’t pass and Obama veto – cards don’t say debt ceiling – Obama won’t veto – he’s sent Geithner to express his support just last week –no reason he’d veto the debt ceiling increase    They say Bachmann – our evidence assumes it – Bachmann is cooperating over debt now – that was in the 1nc – their generic evidence doesn’t cut it  Boehner is maintaining unity now on debt ceiling for a compromise. Ohlemacher, AP, 2-9-11 [Stephen, “Conservatives' clout flummoxes House GOP leaders” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] The clout of tea party advocates and AND perfect every day," Boehner told reporters . Boehner will rally unity around raising the debt ceiling now. Berman, The Hill, 2-7-11 [Russell, “Now comes hard part for Boehner as run of Republican unity ends” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] Boehner’s public rhetoric illustrates AND said on “Fox News Sunday.” Congress assumes fights will happen now, but anything else would complicate the process to the point of not raising the ceiling. Sparshott, Dow Jones Newswires, 2-16-11 [Jeffrey, “Geithner Says Inaction On Debt Limit Would Harm Recovery” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP]  The Treasury secretary has been asked AND are going to mess up the expansion  ," he said. Spending is the Tea Party’s top priority. Kane and Murray, Washington Post, 2-17-11 [Paul and Shailagh, “House, Senate may not agree on government funding bill before money runs out” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] Many House Republicans - AND not to compromise. Republicans will get the blame for legislative issues – they have to be involved in passing bills. Schwarz, CNN, 12-26-10 [Gabriella, “Gibbs: Republicans are accountable now” [], accessed 12-28-10, TP] With significant Republican gains in the AND making that progress and finish those jobs," Gibbs said. And sequencing matters – Tea Partiers want their agenda first, the plan deprioritizes it which triggers backlash. Lightman, McClatchy News Service, 12-27-10 [David, “Partisan Congress to mix cooperation and conflict” [], accessed 12-30-10, TP] WASHINGTON -- When the 112th Congress convenes AND rates should have been made permanent. Say no-ism is in fashion - only compromise from moderates will get Obama’s agenda done which will cause party cannibalism. AP, 12-22-10 [“On way out, Specter sees little room for centrists” [], accessed 12-29-10, TP] WASHINGTON — Senator Arlen AND Pat Toomey, who eventually beat Sestak in the Nov. 2 race. Moderate support of legislation will exacerbate internal divisions with the Tea Party. Blake, Washington Post, 12-29-10 [Aaron, “The Fix's 11 big questions for 2011” [], accessed 12-29-10, TP] Can the tea party and the GOP coexist AND hurt them in many races this year. Immigration creates factions within the GOP. Dvorak, Political analyst, 2010 [David, “Will Immigration Reform Split The Republican Party Further?” [], accessed 2-18-11, TP] Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid AND reform is very interventionist .”

Round 2 v Clarion FS (snitches)
(nothing new - I don't think) T - New Visa Must Be Topical Category Courts Cp (w/ plenary powers good - rights) SKFTA Politics Positive Rights Visa K Econ turns (posted in JMU finals section) Case

2NR: SKFTA Case = = = = = = =Kentucky=

Round 8 v Louisville PW
Framework Policymaking DA Case

Round 6 v Vandy BN (EB-5s)
T-Vagueness Courts Cp Clusters + Ag Sequestration Cp Russian Brain Drain SKFTA Ptx Case

Round 4 v Georgia BR (EBs)
Aspec Courts Cp Positive Rights SKFTA Ptx Case

Round 1 v Vandy SW (EB-5s)
T-Vagueness Clusters Cp Russia Brain Drain SKFTA Ptx Case

Competitiveness Bad
Competitiveness causes a global trade war Krugman, MIT Economics professor and won the Nobel Prize, 94 (Paul, Mar/Apr, Council on Foreign Affairs, http://www.pkarchive.org/global/pop.html, accessed 10-24-10, CMM) Thinking and speaking in terms of competitiveness AND want confrontational if not frankly protectionist policies.

Global war Cho, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago-Kent College of Law Assistant Law Professor, 2007 [Sungjoon, "Doha's Development," 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 165] Second, the mercantilist nature of the AND we repeat the same historical errors and are punished for them.

Competitiveness dooms multilateralism – which is key to solve global problems Duncan, U.S. Secretary of Education, November, 20  10  , (Arne, “Back to School”, Foreign Affairs; Nov/Dec, Vol. 89 Issue 6, PAS) Accessed on Ebsco Host 11-10-10 In practical terms, globalization means that U.S. AND thinking, cross-cultural understanding, and language skills.

Competitiveness tanks alt energy– which is key to check warming Levi et al, Council on Foreign Relations Energy and Environment Senior Fellow, November, 20  10  , (Michael, Elizabeth Economy, Shannon O’Neil, Adam Segal, “Globalizing the Energy Revolution”, Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec, PAS) Accessed on Ebsco Host 11-11-10 The world faces a daunting array of AND simultaneously stifles innovation abroad.

=Navy=

Quarters v Boston College BM (EBs aff w/ Nano (heg) and Econ)
1NC: SKFTA Politics Prizes Cp E-Verify DA Protectionism DA Education DA Deflation DA Case

Prizes Cp
The United States federal government should establish five one million dollar annual prizes to be distributed to the colleges or universities in the United States that demonstrate the greatest success in commercialization. One $5 million prize should be established for the greatest success over a five year period. The United States federal government should amend the Bayh-Dole Act to condition federal funds to colleges and universities on the recipients allowing faculty members to choose their licensing agents. Each prize recipient should be honored at an awards ceremony hosted by the President of the United States. The U.S. federal government should establish ten ten million dollar annual prizes for the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology including applications that are designed to reduce or eliminate adverse consequences of nanotechnology to human health and the environment. Prizes get best and brightest on board Charlton, Newcastle University Medical Hypotheses Editor-in-Chief,  and Andras  , Newcastle Editorial Advisory Board Member, 20  08  , (Bruce G. and Peter, “Stimulating revolutionary science with mega-cash prizes”, 3-5, PAS) [] 12-22-10 In conclusion, we suggest that revolutionary AND these tough problems may be delayed, or they may never be solved. Counterplan makes them entrepreneurs – philanthropists will fund their start-ups Kalil, Special Assistant to the Chancellor for Science and Technology at UC Berkeley, 20  06  , (Thomas, “Prizes for Technological Innovation”, The Brookings Institution, Pg. 26, PAS) [|http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2006/12healthcare_kalil/200612kalil.pdf] 12-23-10 Under certain circumstances, inducement AND of prizes, but the time to start additional experiments is now. The prize jumpstarts nano innovation Anastas, Yale Professor of Green Chemistry,  and Zimmerman  , Yale Professor of Green Engineering, 20  07  , (Paul T. and Julie B., “Why We Need a Green Nano Award & How to Make it Happen”, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Pg. 5-6, PAS) [] 12-27-10 Establishing an award program AND considered when constructing an awards program.

2NC Protectionism DA
Turns case – 1. Protectionism goes global-causes war and undermines solutions to global problems. Garten, Yale management professor, 9 (Jeffrey, “The Dangers of Turning Inward”, Wall Street Journal, 3-5 http://www.business.illinois.edu/aguilera/Teaching/WSJ09_Dangers_of_Turning_Inward.pdf, accessed 11-15-10, CMM) The point is, economic nationalism, with its AND who are now falling back into poverty ? 2. Free trade solves all war Dale C. Copeland, Professor of Gov’t and Foreign Affairs – University of Virginia, 19 96   (International Security, 20:4, Spring 1996, p. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/copeland.htm) The core liberal position is straightforward.(2) Trade AND making trading more profitable than invading .(7) 3. The USFG would magnify fee hikes on visa applications that would make them literally impossible to access – its empirically proven Paparelli, partner in the Immigration Practice Group of Seyfarth Shaw LLP, 8-22- 10 (Angelo, Certified Immigration Law Specialist (CA), he is known among clients and peers for providing creative solutions to complex immigration law problems, especially those involving mergers and acquisitions. He also serves as an expert witness and consultant on immigration issues arising in litigation, Our Border, “Rethinking Immigration: Stop with the Protectionism,” http://ourborder.ning.com/profiles/blogs/rethinking-immigration-stop, accessed 11-14-10, CMM) For a supposedly-sleepy dog day of summer, last AND the deportation of removable aliens. Turns heg Friedberg and Schoenfeld – 8 (Aaron, professor of politics and international relations at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, and Gabriel, visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html, accessed 9-24-10, CMM) With the global financial system in AND to rise to an occasion as grave as the one we now face.

AT: Offshoring Add-on
2) Offshoring is being reversed now Bloomberg , 20  09  , (Rachael King, “CFOs Say Offshore Outsourcing to Decline”, Business Week) [] 9-11-10 In a new survey, chief financial officers AND Seidman, an accounting and consulting organization. 3) High skill jobs can’t be offshored – innovation will remain in the US   Drezner  , University of Chicago Political Science Professor, 20  04  , (Daniel W., “The Outsourcing Bogeyman”, Foreign Affairs, May/June) [] 9-11-10 Similarly, most current predictions are not AND that generate high wages and large profits and drive the U.S. economy.

Case - Nano
US hegemony will inevitably collapse – offshoring Washington, Popdecay publisher, 12-28-10 (Desiree, POPDECAY.com is an online news, politics and entertainment website, “Skilled-Based Wage Entitlement Vanishing in US,” http://www.popdecay.com/2010/12/28/skill-based-wage-entitlements-vanishing-in-us/7767, accessed 12-28-10, CMM) A few years back, Der Spiegel editor Gabor AND profit margins proportionate to American wage losses. Heg decline doesn’t lead to war- today’s international order ensures peaceful incorporation of rivals- it’s easy to join and hard to overturn Ikenberry,  Princeton  University  International Affairs professor  , Jan/Feb  8  , (G. John, "The Rise of China and the Future of the West ," Foreign Affairs, [], accessed 9-15-9) But not all power transitions generate war or AND unprecedented levels of cooperation and shared authority over the global system. US has uncontested leadership Joffe, Stanford International Studies Institute Senior FEllow, Hoover Institute IR Fellow, Die Zeit Co-Editor, Sept/Oct 200  9 [Josef, "The False Prophecy of America's Decline," Foreign Affairs, EBSCO, access 9/6] COMPOUND-INTEREST games are entertaining AND universities, especially from China and India.

Plan is insufficient to solve nano—funding and other issues block Holdren, Co-chair, President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, 20  10 [Report to the President and Congress on the Third Assessment of the National Nanotechnology Initiative, March 12, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-nano-report.pdf, access 10/10/10] The overall conclusion of this review is AND expectations of exposure to specific nanomaterials.

2NC Case - Nano
There are too many hurdles to nanotech – lack of investment, health concerns, and harsh regs Katz, Industry Week (IW), 10-20- 10 (Jonathan, “Nanotechnology: Beyond the Hype,” http://www.industryweek.com/articles/nanotechnology_beyond_the_hype_23017.aspx?ShowAll=1, accessed 10-24-10, CMM) But has nanotech  nology  advanced as AND to pay a researcher to do toxicology studies."

Doubles v Lousiville PW
Framework Policymaking DA Case

F/W
First off is topicality – Contention One: The Violation A. Interpretation: The judge, as the United States federal government, should decide the round based on the desirability of the implementation of a topical plan. To be topical they must affirm the resolution. B. Violation: The aff calls on the judge to vote as a citizen, which side-steps the issue of USFG implementation. The aff also does not increase the number of visas issued or expand the eligibility criteria for current visas. Contention Two: Fairness A. The Link- Policy debate centered on the merit of the resolution is key to fair debate- it’s a voting issue 1. Predictability- the resolution sets the topic for discussion- allowing the aff to choose their own ground outside the resolution makes it impossible for the negative to be prepared- there are an infinite amount of non-policy advocacies unrelated to the topic that are impossible to predict- this leaves the negative unprepared to debate 2. Aff conditionality- only a resolutionally-based plan prevents shifting advocacies- their framework allows aff vagueness, allowing the aff to become a moving target which destroys discussion, advocacy skills and fair ground B. Informed decision-making- unpredictable or unfair debates preclude an informed discussion that rigorously tests the __efficacy__ of their approach- this collapses civic deliberation because it prevents informed clash. This outweighs all other impacts - fairness is a prerequisite for voting for one team’s arguments or advocacy over the other’s - because we can’t test the truth-value of an argument or advocacy without rigorously testing it. C. Agreed question through the resolution is a prerequisite for gains from argumentation- debate is worthless without the predictability that is necessary to generate a starting point for discussion Shively, former Texas A&M political science assistant professor, 2000 [Ruth, //Political Theory and Partisan Politics,// edited by Portis, Gundersen, and Shively, “Political Theory and the Postmodern Politics of Ambiguity,” 1//81-2]// The requirements given thus far are primarily AND **__rests on some basic agreement or harmony__**. D. Fairness is key to education- agreed fundamental rules are essential to prevent political debates from devolving into irresolvable ideological disputes- their framework guarantees resistance and hostility Portis, Gunderson and Shively , Texas A&M political science professors, 2000 [Edward Bryan, Adolf G., and Ruth Lessl, //Political Theory and Partisan Politics//, 2-3] By extension, partisan divisions based upon AND might be assessed and alternative positions evaluated. Contention Three: Political Engagement A. Political engagement is necessary for the marriage of justice and power- the alternative is to cede intellectual platforms to totalitarianism- makes political instability and violence inevitable Lutz, University of Houston political science professor, 2000 [Donald S., //Political Theory and Partisan Politics,// edited by Portis, Gundersen, and Shively, “Political Theory and Constitutional Construction,” //43-44//] To the extent politicians do listen to political AND stance of rhetorical moral superiority. B. Policy strategies are necessary to solve oppression- voting aff is an empty symbol Grossberg, University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) communications research, speech and critical theory professor, 19 92 [Lawrence, we gotta get out of this place; popular conservatism and postmodern culture, 390-391] But this would mean that the Left could not AND as the moral responsibility) to fight them. SWITCH SIDE IS GOOD – A. Forces you to acquaint yourself with the opposition’s arguments so you aren’t flying blind when confronted with the other side B. Requires you to hone your persuasive skills in order to convince a judge of something you don’t even believe yourself C. You get practicing engaging people who oppose your viewpoints and can learn the innermost logic of their positions, and consequently refine your arguments in the face of their objections D. Minimizes reactionary policy analysis, encouraging bipartisan compromise – Empathy for the other side’s point of view is a critical component of successful and effective policymaking. Lack of empathy allows marginalization, etc.  Switch-side debate good- challenges “us-them” dichotomies and dismantles absolutism    English et al , Schenley Park Debate Authors Working Group scholar, 6-  7 [Eric, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief & Carly Woods. Univ. of Pittsburgh Communication Dept. “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction.” Routledge. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 221-225 [|http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf] accessed 10-16-8] This episode is a representative anecdote for AND such polar categories find debate so threatening. Switch side debate good – opposition leads to knowledge and progression Deborah Tannen , Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 19  98  , “The Argument Culture,” p. 272 All of this is not to imply that scholars AND results can be far less rewarding. __Debate Tournaments Function To Provide An Opportunity To Defend Policies Against Multiple Viewpoints – Without this ability, the purpose of the tournament and season are undermined__ __ Ulrich, former DOF at Vanderbilt, 1986  (Walter, AN INTRODUCTION TO DEBATE, p. 11, published by the National Federation of State High School Associations)__ __ The debate tournament  offers an excellent AND  incentive for teams to refine their positions. __ __Policy-deliberation is crucial to restoring restore democratic practices and reshape power relations- debate creates an epistemological bridge between non-experts and experts__ __ Fisher, Rutgers University political science professor, 2000  __ __[Frank, Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy member, //Citizens, Experts, and the Environment//, x-xii]__ __Despite the enthusiasm for promoting democracy, AND integration of both expert and citizen knowledge(s). __ __Turns the K- policy-deliberation is essential to rescue democracy from technocratic elitist politics__ __ Fisher, Rutgers University political science professor, 2000  __ __[Frank, Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy member, //Citizens, Experts, and the Environment//, 1-2]__ __AND is inaccessible to more abstract empirical methods. __ __Using debate as a training ground for advocacy research solves their impacts- its crucial to more democratic, less elitist, empowering politics__ __ Fisher, Rutgers University political science professor, 2000  __ __[Frank, Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy member, //Citizens, Experts, and the Environment//, 37-38]__ __Politicizing Expertise__ __//From Advocacy to Participation//__

__ The first step toward a more democratic, AND elitist, more democratic expert-client relationship. __ __Breaking down elite structures is possible- continued political discussion, policy-deliberation, and research skills are crucial__ __ Fisher, Rutgers University political science professor, 2000  __ __[Frank, Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy member, //Citizens, Experts, and the Environment//, 40]__ __Numerous experiments make clear that citizens AND own interests and to make their own decisions  (Hirschhorn 1979).__

__Policymaking DA__
__First – Engaging in theoretical philosophy only meant to persuade those in the room without any call to action outside of it creates a spectator mentality – it undermines all action to end human misery and change political structures__ __David E. McClean , New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 20  01  , “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm__ __ Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated AND with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class." __ __Second, this distracts us from more important work for policy pragmatism – the aff’s inaccessible abstract musings will not create change and allow us to think all of our troubles away__ __ Johnston , Emory University, 200  4  __ __[Adrian, "The Cynic's Fetish: Slavoj Zizek and the Dynamics of Belief," http://www.scribd.com/doc/20244451/Johnston-a-The-Cynic-s-Fetish-Slavoj-Zizek-and-the-Dynamics-of-Belief, 1/1]__ __However, the absence of this type of AND with the present state of affairs he describes so well. __ __The impact – absent action by the federal government towards showing leadership on immigration, restrictionist state government policies will run rampant__ __ Swain , Vanderbilt Political Science and Law Professor, 20  07  ,__ __(Carol M., “Debating Immigration”, Cambridge University Press, Pg. 9-10, PAS)__ __ It has been  more than  10 years since  any  major AND offers some real leadership on the issue  .__ __This results in the worst forms of racism – state policies act irrationally and deny basic rights__ __ Filindra, Research Fellow, Taubman Center for Public Policy, Brown Univ., and Tichenor, Senior Fellow, Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics, 2008   __ __(Alexandra, Professor of Political Science at Rutgers Univ., and Daniel J., Philip H. Knight Professor of Social Science at Oregon Univ., "The States Role in Immigration Federalism: Laboratories of Liberalism or Intolerance?" Paper presented at APSA, 8/28/2008 [] [accessed 7/22/10])__ __The politics of Chinese exclusion offers   a  different  AND pressure over new immigratio n .__ __ Therefore, the most productive way we can use the time we spend participating in debate this year is to explore the hypothetical effects of policy changes to government visa policy – the aff has made a conscious decision to abandon that form of debate and this is a reason to vote against them  __

__Case__
__No solvency possible – The fact there is white possession of Native’s land is Natives are ignored in whiteness studies which predominately focus on the black/white dichotomy – their methodology is flawed__ __ Moreton-Robinson, Queensland University of Technology Geonpul scholar and indigenous studies professor, 8  __ __[Aileen, “Writing Off Treaties: White Possession in the United States Critical Whiteness Studies Literature” in Transnational Whiteness Matters, edited by Aileen Moreton-Robinson, Maryrose Casey, Fiona Jean Nicoll, 2008, p. 87]__ __ Indigenous sovereignties within the AND establishment and to its continued existence. __ __Debate inherently fails as a forum for personal political change- the Ballot won’t solve- no spillover__ __A. No mindset shifts – people attribute losses to tactics and performance, not ideology__ __ Deborah Tannen,  Ph.D.,  Georgetown  University professor of  linguistics  and University  Professor  , 19  98  , “The Argument Culture,” p. 174 __ __ Another scholar who questions the usefulness AND performance or to an adversary's unfair tactics. __ __  __ __B. Dialogue fails – individuals lie and manipulate facts to win__ __ Deborah Tannen , Ph.D.,  Georgetown  University professor of  linguistics  and University  Professor  , 19  98  , “The Argument Culture,” p. 9-10 __ __ But with most arguments, little is AND is lying. The problem is, we can’t. __ __C. Exclusion is inevitable – debates adversarial structure prevents inclusion__ __ Deborah Tannen , Ph.D.,  Georgetown  University professor of  linguistics  and University  Professor  , 19  98  , “The Argument Culture,” p. 20 __ __ AND not allow her to show what talent she had. __ __2. TURN – debate as forum will crush their movement – it creates false dichotomies that stifle dialogue and dehumanize opponents__ __ Deborah Tannen , Ph.D.,  Georgetown  University professor of  linguistics  and University  Professor  , 19  98  , “The Argument Culture,” p. 276 __ __ In this short comment, Steinem puts her finger on AND are often at the heart of discord. __

__1NC:__ __Doma Cp__ __PIC out of ILAW__ __ILAW Bad__ __SkFTA Politics__ __Malthus__ __Case Defense__

__DOMA Cp__
__Text: The United States Supreme Court should rule the Defense of Marriage Act as unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause and Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.__ __Repeal of DOMA solves__ __ Titshaw , Mercer University Assistant Law Professor, 20  10  ,__ __(Scott C., “The Meaning of Marriage: Immigration Rules and Their Implications for Same-Sex Spouses in a World Without DOMA”, PAS, Pg. 537-538)__ __[] 12-14-10__ __An estimated 35,000 U.S. citizens are AND same-sex marriage before DOMA .__ __The plan can’t solve -- no visa law denies GLBT couples visas --- only DOMA forces it that way__ __ Walters , American University Washington College of Law JD Candidate, 20  09  ,__ __(Rebecca, “COMMENT: THE UNITING AMERICAN FAMILIES ACT: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATION AFFECTING BI-NATIONAL SAME-SEX COUPLES”, American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 17 Am. U.J. Gender Soc. Pol'y & L. 521, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-13-10__ __ Although the INS has interpreted AND to petition for foreign [*526] partners. n30__ __Counterplan avoids politics__ __ McKissick , Political Strategist, 20  09  ,__ __(Drew, “Obama Begins Undermining the Defense of Marriage Act”, ABC, PAS) [] 12-13-10__ __ Opponents correctly determined that passage AND mount a tepid defense on DOMA's behalf.__

__ILAW PIC and ILAW Bad__
__ Text: The United States Supreme courts should … the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. __ __ The counterplan solves the whole aff by having the courts issue the same ruling, but not ruling on international law. __ __International law is inherently undemocratic__ __ McGinnis, Law Professor @ Northwestern , 6 __ __[John O., June 2006, "Outsourcing Authority?" Citation to Foreign Court Precedent in Domestic Jurisprudence: Contemporary Foreign and International Law in Constitutional Construction, 69 Alb. L. Rev. 801] __ __ The basic reason is that international AND unlikely to elicit the consensus of their societies. __

__AND incorporation kills US democratic model-Turns Case__ __ McGinnis, Professor of Law @ Northwestern, 6 __ __[John O., Fall, 2006, “The Comparative Disadvantage of Customary International Law”, 30 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 7]__ __Finally, one might argue that a nation AND American exceptionalism might still deliver to the world. __ __US Democratic model best-has interest in promoting trade and democracy__ __ McGinnis and Somin, Law Professor @ Northwestern and assistant law Professor @ George Mason, 7 __ __[John O. and Ilya, “Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?”, [], 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175]__ __In addition to having a strong incentive to contribute AND private goods even from the perspective of foreigners.__ __Democracies are critical to solve extinction__ __ Diamond, Hoover Institution Senior Fellow, 95   __ __ [Larry, Stanford Univ. Political Science and Sociology professor, former Baghdad CPA senior adviser, __ __ "Promoting Democracy in the 1990s," []] __ __ Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons AND international security and prosperity can be built.__

__The use of force and pre-emptive strikes against terrorists is explicitly rejected under international law—ceding to international law would end hard-line, war on terror policies__ __Duffy, director of Interights, 5__ __[Helen, 2005, “The ‘war on terror’ and the framework of international law”, 209-214]__ __209 First, the US N  ational  S  ecurity  S  t rategy appears to AND will be less striking than it may at first have appeared.__ __Perception of force is vital to a successful war on terror – signaling strength causes global populations to tip toward the U.S.__ __Gitz, IR professor, 7__ __[Bradley R., January 7th, 2007, “Perception as Destiny”, Lexis]__ __ Muslim majorities will eventually reject AND determined by perceptions of our strength and resolve.__ __Sid-Ahmed__

= =

=__GMU__=

__Round 6 - neg v Richmond metaphor aff__
__1NC:__ __Genocide PIC__ __Cap K__ __E-Verify DA__ __F/W__ __Case__

__2NR: Cap K and Case__

__Case__
__No solvency– rejecting traditional geographic forms does not expose them as socially constructed__ __ Lewis, Duke University Associate Research Geography Professor and Wigen , Duke University Associate History Professor, 1997   __ __ (Martin W. and Karen E., “ The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography,” p. 15-6)__ __The postmodernist approach, however, presents AND not by wishing they would go away.”  __

__Constructivism doesn’t dissolve the state__ __ Jarvis, Sydney University International Risk Institute Research Director and International Relations Lecturer, 2000  __ __(Darryl S. L. “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism,” p. 130)__ __ Just because we acknowledge that the AND that otherwise seem to preoccupy Ashley.__

__Even if borders are constructed, the establishment of some type of state-like structures is critical to end violence, further social wellbeing and limit suffering__ __  [|Marten], Columbia University Political Science Professor, 2007  __ __(Kimberly, “Warlordism in Comparative Perspective,” International Security 31.3 (2007) 41-73)__ __ Decades of civil strife in Somalia AND and uncertainty that now plague them .__

__ Sovereignty and biopower don’t escalate to mass murder- democratic political context prevents deployment for genocide- Nazism was the product of a particular juridical arrangement that doesn’t apply __ __ Dickinson, U.C. Berkeley Associate History Professor, ‘04  __ __[Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ‘Modernity’,” //Central European History//, vol. 37 no. 1, pg 1-48]__ __We may draw some brief AND the crimes of the Nazis. The Nazis were. __

__ Rhetoric doesn’t shape reality  __ __ Tuathail , Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography,  96  (Gearoid Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), 664 )__ __ While theoretical debates at academic AND patterned mess that is human history.__

__Turn – borders are key to peace.__ __ Zacher, Professor of Political Science, University of British Columbia, 2001  __ __(Mark, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION, Spring 2001, p.241)__ __ Liberal states were clearly influenced AND it has if both factors had not been present. __

__We control the uniqueness to their impacts – border conflict is declining and will be controlled.__ __ Mandelbaum, Professor of American Foreign Policy, Johns Hopkins University, 1999  __ __(Michael, SURVIVAL, Winter 1999, p.32)__ __Yet this grim prospect has two AND will thus not be a cause of major war .__

__Opening the border global war.__ __ Mandelbaum, Professor of American Foreign Policy, Johns Hopkins University, 1999  __ __(Michael, SURVIVAL, Winter 1999, p.32)__ __The aspirations of the Tibetans, the Muslims of AND is prepared to condemn, but not to correct them.__

__Failure to respect borders risks hegemonic interventionism.__  __(Fabrizio, GEOPOLITICS, Summer 1998, p.35)__  __ From the outset of the Cold War, the AND colonial (super)powers.__

__Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences__ __ Isaac , Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 200  2  __ __(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)__ __Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate AND it undermines political effectiveness .__

__They don’t actually want their demands to be met – they are impossible and show their privileged position – but even if they are, it incites racist backlash, turning the alt.__ __Zizek, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies, 2002__ __[Slavoj, “Welcome to the desert of the real” gbooks, p.60, accessed 1-13-11, TP]__ __Happiness is thus inherently hypocritical: it AND what you’re boasting about !’__

= =

= =

= =

=__JMU__=

__JMU Finals v Clarion CS (Snitches Aff)__
__1NC:__ __Visa K__ __Courts Cp__ __Category Expansion T Violation__ __SKFTA__ __Econ Turns__ __Case Defense__

__2NC:__ __T__ __Econ Turns__

__1NR:__ __Bottom of Econ Turns__ __Politics__

__2NR:__ __Econ Turns__

__T Violation__
__ A. Interpretation: Topical visas must fall within the topical categories of employment-based immigrant visas, nonimmigrant temporary worker visas, family-based visas, or human trafficking-based visas. Temporay visas require the immigrant to be outside the country, go through an interview process and work with the USCIS. __ __The National Association of Foreign-Born, No Date__ __[US Work Visas for Temporary Workers (Nonimmigrant Visas)__ __ http://www.foreignborn.com/visas_imm/other_visas/13temp_workers.htm] __ __What is a US Work Visa for Temporary Workers?__ __ A Temporary Worker visa is a nonimmigrant AND time after the interview by a Consular Officer.__ __B. Violation: The affirmative visa is functionally a U visa. They require authorization from law enforcement not immigration and they allow visas to individuals already in the US. Their author.__ __  Heydari , JD Candidate at Columbia, October ‘  10   __ __ [Farhang, 110 Colum. L. Rev. 1526, lexis] __ __A. Legislating Avenues of Cooperation__ __1. Whistleblower Protections. - As discussed above, IRCA AND consequences for the cooperative model.__ __ C. Standards: __ __1. Predictable limits- Allowing the affirmative to increase visas outside the confines of the larger categories opens the floodgates to unpredictable affirmatives.__ __2. Ground- belongs to the negative, it is more predictable for the aff to prepare against potential counterplans and solvency deficits, increasing overall clash, whereas they can always spike our da links and open the floodgates of advantage ground if these affs are topical.__ __D. Voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction. Evaluate topicality through competing interpretations, key to prevent judge intervention and arbitrary evaluation standards.__

__Visa K__
__The preference system propagates conditional hospitality by ensuring that illegal persons are possible.__ __ Luibhéid, Bowling Green State University Ethnic Studies assistant professor, 2008 __ __[Eithne, GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, “Sexuality, Migration, and the Shifting Line between Legal and Illegal Status” Project Muse, p, 290, accessed 12-12-10, TP]__ __ The narrative of immigrant America AND law-abiding, or decent she or he is .4__

__The creation of a person who is illegal follows the neoliberal logic of disposability- some immigrants are deserving and others are a threat to the population.__ __ Luibhéid, Bowling Green State University Ethnic Studies assistant professor, 2008 __ __[Eithne, GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, “Sexuality, Migration, and the Shifting Line between Legal and Illegal Status” Project Muse, p, 291, accessed 12-13-10, TP]__ __ Claims that anywhere from five to AND trends, described in further detail below .__

__Neoliberalism exists on the kills to save mentality, massive extermination of the other or collective suicide results in extinction.__ __ Santos, University of Coimbra Center for Social Studies director, 2003 __ __[Boaventura de Sousa, “Collective suicide?” [], accessed 12-17-10, TP]__ __It is above all appropriate to ask AND of thousands of innocent civilians. __

__The alternative is to reject the preference system in favor of interrogating hospitality to create an unconditional ethic for the other that stops violence against immigrants.__ __ Ajana, London School of Economics and Political Science researcher, 2006 __ __[Btihaj, BA in Media Studies and Computing Science; MA in Digital Media University of London, Journal for Cultural Research vol 10 num 3, “Immigration interrupted” Ebsco, p.266, accessed12-19-10, TP]__ __But while it might be objected AND being at home with oneself’ (Levinas 1969, p. 39)4.__

__Econ uniquness__
__ Economy and consumer spending up now  __ __ Stoddard, Investor’s Business Daily, 1-7- 11   __ __(Scott, “Hiring Plods Along But Bernanke Sees Brighter Economy,” http://www.investors.com/NewsAndAnalysis/Article/559280/201101071940/Hiring-Plods-Along-But-Bernanke-Sees-Brighter-Economy.aspx, accessed 1-8-11, CMM)__ __ Hiring continued at a modest AND thanks to stronger consumer and business spending. __

__ Wages are up – commerce report proves  __ __ Satter, a freelance financial journalist, 12-23- 10   __ __(Marlene Y., has been writing about the advisory business and its environs for more than 13 years, a Contributing Editor at Investment Advisor magazine, where she writes a long-running column on insurance, she has held senior editorial positions at newspapers and magazines and in financial publishing, and has worked in the banking industry, AdvisorOne, “November U.S. Personal Income and Spending Rise; Savings Declines,” http://www.advisorone.com/article/november-us-personal-income-and-spending-rise-savings-declines, accessed 12-28-10, CMM)__ __ The Department of Commerce said  AND than in October, by $2.7 billion .__

__Wages Turn__
__ Immigration increases wages, lowers prices, and solves consumer spending – subsumes and turns their link  __ __ Klein, Washington Post, 10  __ __(Ezra, 9-24-10, “The megapayoff of increased immigration is lost on politicians,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/24/AR2010092401774.html, accessed 9-24-10, CMM)__ __ The mistake we make when thinking about AND prices of the things we want to buy go down. __

__Wages Defense__
__ Wage deflation doesn’t spillover – multiple factors mean that it will be contained  __ __ Hassett, director of economic-policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute, 10 __ __[Kevin, 2010, “Your Fat Paycheck Keeps Neighbors Unemployed: Kevin Hassett,” [], Accessed 9-7-10, WHS]__ __ A number of reasons help explain why AND want to move to, or can’t afford to live. __

__Housing DA__
__ Housing prices will rise – growth and stabilizers prove  __ __ Irwin (et al) and ElBoghdady, Washington Post, 12-22 -10  __ __(Neil and Dina, “Housing market perks up as economy strengthens,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/22/AR2010122205260.html, accessed 12-27-10, CMM)__ __ The housing market is showing surprising signs AND next year, the housing market should stabilize. __

__ Kicking illegal immigrants out collapses the housing sector  __ __ Rahman, Chron Immigration Chronicles, 7   __ __(Mizanur, “Immigrants key to housing market, Harvard says,” http://blogs.chron.com/immigration/archives/2007/07/post_10.html, accessed 1-4-11, CMM)__ __It looks like pro-immigrant groups can AND out of the housing market's foundation .'' __

__ That causes economic collapse  __ __ Wargo, In Business reporter, 9  __ __(Brian, 3/6/09, In Business reporter; covers real estate and development for In Business Las Vegas and its sister publication, the Las Vegas Sun, “Home prices key to economic turnaround, economist says,”__ __ [], accessed 9-8-10, CMM)__ __ If local and national prices continue to decline by AND and that could lead to a deeper recession. __

__Social Security Turn__
__ Social security is upheld by unauthorized immigration – contribute $240 billion per year  __ __ Washington Post, 2010  __ __(Edward Schumaker-Matos, “How illegal immigrants are helping Social Security” 9/3/10, [] [accessed 1/3/10] BS)__ __ The contributions by unauthorized immigrants to AND had paid their withholding taxes using their true names.__

__Biz Con DA__
__ Biz con high – economic optimism and tax cuts  __ __ Scherer, Christian Science Monitor, 12-29-10  __ __(Ron, “In 2011, better economic outlook – for some,” http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/2010/1229/In-2011-better-economic-outlook-for-some, accessed 1-2-11, CMM)__ __ The economy is looking peppier AND current reluctance to expand," Zandi says.__

__ The investigations spurred by the plan collapse business confidence  __ __ Podgor, Senior Research Chair, Stetson Law School, 20 02   __ __(Ellen S., “Cooperators: The Government in Employer-Employee Relationships,” 23 Cardozo L. Rev.__ __795, Yeshiva University lexis [accessed 12/30/10] BS)__ __Cooperation takes on a different construct AND as an organization's trade secrets. n77__

__ Biz con and expansion is key to the recovery  __ __  Weller, Center for American Progress Senior Fellow, 10   __ __(Christian E., Associate Professor for Public Policy and Public Affairs, University of Massachusetts Boston. October 29, “Latest GDP Figures Show Business Investment Powering Economic Growth,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/10/gdp_growth.html, accessed 1-2-11, CMM)__

__The continued strength in equipment spending AND investment and consumer spending at this point. __

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= =

__E-Verify DA__
__A. Plan gets horse-traded for expansion of E-Verify__ __ Lawrence , Immigration Policy Analyst, 20  10  ,__ __(Stewart, “On immigration reform, less might be more”, Los Angeles Times, 5-20, PAS) [] 1-5-11__ __ There are smaller and more digestible AND of the E-Verify workplace enforcement system .__ __B. E-Verify blocked now – but would destroy agriculture__ __ Sacramento Bee , 11-15, 20  10  ,__ __(Chris Collins and Michael Doyle, “Employers won't use free, simple safeguard against hiring illegal workers”, PAS) [] 1-5-11__ __ Businesses have a free, simple AND sure their work force is legal .__ __C. Loss of agricultural leadership causes extinction.__ __ Lugar , US Senator from Indiana, 20  04  ,__ __(Richard, “Plant power”, PAS) [] 1-5-10__ __ In a world confronted by global AND people and the health of our planet .__

__Education DA__
__ Unique link – competition for high skilled workers is down now, but attracting more causes the sending countries to drawdown education funding  __ __ Bertoli, et. al, fellow at the University of Florence, 9  __ __[Simone, PhD in Development Economics from the University of Florence in 2007, Herbert Brücker, Head, Department for International Comparisons and European Integration, Institute for Employment Research, Giovanni Facchini, Ph.D. in economics from Stanford, Anna Maria Mayda, Associate Professor School of Foreign Service and Department of Economics Georgetown University, and Giovanni Peri, Associate Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of California, Davis, “The Battle for Brains: How to Attract Talent,” pg 129-130 Accessed 11/1/10 http://www.google.com/search?hl=&q=The+Battle+for+Brains%3A+How+to+Attract+Talent&sourceid=navclient-ff&rlz=1B6_enUS354US354&ie=UTF-8 JCP]__

__ At the present stage, the efforts of AND increased international mobility of talented labour. __ __ Destroys global democracy-biggest internal link  __ __  Hernández-Murillo and Martinek, economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, and Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research analyst, 8   __ __[Ruben and Christopher J., April, “Which Came First–Democracy or Growth?,” The Regional Economist, p. 5-6 Accessed 10/31/10 http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id=8 JCP]__ __ Economists  Edward Glaeser, AND constraints on the government. __ __Democracy solves nuclear war, terrorism, and environmental destruction__ __Larry Diamond , Hoover Institution, Stanford University, December, PROMOTING DEMOCRACY IN THE 1990S,  95  , p. http://www.carnegie.org//sub/pubs/deadly/diam_rpt.html//__ __ Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons AND of international security and prosperity can be built .__

__1nc__
__**Big progress was made in December – makes a Korean trade agreement likely but Obama push is key.**__ __**Palmer, Reuters, 1-5-11**__ __[Doug, “2011 could be Obama’s year of trade” [], accessed 1-5-11, TP]__

__ The White House took a big AND if Obama made a big push. __

__**Plan costs capital, that prevents passage of the agreement.**__ __** Rodriguez , NYU Law Professor, 20  10  ,**__ __(Cristina, “ARTICLE: FORTIETH ANNUAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ISSUE: IMMIGRATION LAW AND ADJUDICATION: CONSTRAINT THROUGH DELEGATION: THE CASE OF EXECUTIVE CONTROL OVER IMMIGRATION POLICY”, Duke Law Journal, 59 Duke L.J. 1787, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 10-8-10__

__ Even if the president represents a AND conducive to the formation of consensus .__

__**US-ROK alliance key to Asian stability – deters conflict, facilitates US-Japan alliance, key to power projection, and checks Chinese aggression**__ __ **Hwang, PhD & Heritage Foundation Asian Studies Center Senior Policy Analyst for Northeast Asia, 6**  __ __(Balbina Y., 10-16-6, “The U.S.-Korea Alliance on the Rocks: Shaken, Not Stirred”, Heritage Lecture #970, [], accessed 2-4-10)__

__ At the heart of our discussion AND for that country in the region. __

__**Hegemony decline leads to apolarity – impact extinction**__ __** Edelman , Harvard Belfer Center for International Affairs International Security Program Senior Associate, 20  10  ,**__ __(Eric S., “Understanding America’s Contested Primacy”, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, PAS, Pg. 7) [] 11-26-10__

__Harvard historian Niall Ferguson has raised AND so-new world disorder  .26__

__1nr - Uniqueness__
__**Will pass –**__ __**1. Broad business support**__ __ **Wall Street Journal, 1/5/11**  __ __(Elizabeth Williamson, "Hot Business Issues on Capitol Hill " [] [accessed 1/5/11] bs)__

__The 112th Congress will test whether AND to support trade-opening deals. __

__**2. Divided unions **__ __ **Garver, Talking Union editor, 12-21-10**  __ __(Paul, “Divided Unions May Enable Passage of U.S.-Korea Free Trade Treaty,” http://talkingunion.wordpress.com/2010/12/21/divided-unions-may-enable-passage-of-u-s-korea-free-trade-treaty/, accessed 1-3-11, CMM)__

__ For several years unified opposition from AND divisive as Clinton’s enactment of NAFTA. __

__**United auto workers and chamber of commerce**__ __ **Weaver, The Hill, 12/20/10**  __ __(Dustin, "Electrical workers union gives thumbs-down on South Korea trade deal" [] [accessed 1/5/11] bs)__

__But the White House has a AND the George W. Bush administration .__

__1nr - Link__
__**Tech lobby not organized**__ __ **Carlson, Eweek, 2004**  __ __(Caron, staff writer, “H-1B Exemptions Sought” [] [accessed 9/2/10]BS)__

__ While continuing the fight to retain AND for them to gain job security." __

__** The tech lobby is weak – they’re split between comprehensive and piecemeal reform  **__ __ **Hart, Politico, 10-21-10**  __ __(Kim, “Immigration stymies tech sector,” http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1010/43918.html, accessed 11-14-10, CMM)__

__ Technology companies have long placed immigration AND should be able to stay here.”__

__**Public opinion does not effect immigration policy outcomes**__ __ **Freeman and Hill, University of Texas, Austin Government Professor and Cornell government PhD candidate, 2006**  __ __[Gary P. and David K. “Disaggregating Immigration Policy: The Politics of Skilled Labor Recruitment in the U.S.” Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, Fall 2006, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 7-21. Pg 19-20 JCP]__

__Public opinion on immigration policy in AND constraining framework within which politicians operate.__

__** Republicans don’t like the plan  **__ __**Freeman Government Professor at UT Austin, and Hill, Ph.d. candidate in government at Cornell, 2006**__ __(Gary, and David, “Disaggregating Immigration Policy: The Politics of Skilled Labor Recruitment in the U.S.” Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, Fall 2006, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 7-21. [|www.springerlink.com/index/h316415k482j722q.pdf] [accessed 7/26/10])__

__ The explanation for the substantial opposition AND and Edwards, 1999: 285).__

__1nr - PC Key__
__**Obama pressure is key**__ __ **Bacchus, Chairman, Global Trade and Investment Practice Group, Greenberg Traurig, 12/30**/10  __ __(James, Council on Foreign Relations, “expert roundup: Reviving U.S. Power Abroad from Within” [] [accessed 1/5/11])__

__But the president may be beginning AND bipartisan success in the new year. __

__** Obama pressure ensures passage **__ __ **NYT (editorial), 12-8-10**  __ __(“A Sound Trade Deal With South Korea,” http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/09/opinion/09thu2.html?_r=2, accessed 1-3-11, CMM)__

__ While some antitrade Democrats are likely AND make that case here and abroad.__

=__Round 2 Shirley__= __Vs Emory KS__

 __Peak Oil__ __ Unique link – immigration is being discouraged now – the plan reverses this  __ __ Llana, Christian Science Monitor, 10-9- 10   __ __(Sara Miller, “Global doors slam shut on immigrants,” http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-Issues/2010/1009/Global-doors-slam-shut-on-immigrants, accessed 10-17-10, CMM)__ __ Just as Americans want Mexicans out, Mexicans, AND virtually every area of the earth is involved in significant ways in international migration ."__ __Immigration disrupts a transition to renewable energy and makes peak oil inevitable__ __ Attarian, a Ph.D in economics from the University of Michigan, 2   __ __(John, Summer 2002, The Social Contract Press, Volume 12, Number 4, “The Coming End of Cheap Oil,” [], accessed 7-2-10, CMM)__ __ The coming oil crunch makes curtailment of mass immigration AND impoverished nation with Third World living standards. __ __  Peak oil causes US adventurism – causing extinction  __ __  Heinberg , core faculty member at New College of California, 3   __ __(Richard, authors of multiple books on the issues of resource depletion, Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute in Sebastopol, California, “The Party’s Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies,” p. 230)__ __Today the average US citizen uses five times AND not just of industrial civilization, but of humanity and most of the biosphere. __

__START Politics__ __A. Uniqueness – START will pass now – ratification will happen during the lame duck__ __ A  ssociated  P  ress,  11-17 , 2010,__ __(Jim Abrams, “Obama enlists big guns to help save nuclear treaty”, Washington Post, PAS) [] 11-18-10__ __ The White House is mounting an all-out AND nuclear inspection regime and international relations.__ __B. 1. Immigration reform kills Obama’s political capital for his domestic agenda__ __Daniel Tichenor , Oregon University Social Science Professor, and Wayne Morse Law and Politics Center Senior Fellow, July 200  9  , "Navigating an American Minefield: The Politics of Illegal Immigration," The Forum, 7.3, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss3/, 8/12/10__ __ Bush  had  pursued  comprehensive  immigration reform AND  implications for his broader reform agenda and his party’s future  .__ __2. That kills passage—political capital is key to push the agreement through Congress__ __Sergey Rogov,  Russian Academy of Science US and Canada Institute Director,  10 , BBC, “Russian Russian pundit views  Obama  's first year, prospects for relations with USA,” Lexis__ __The domestic political situation in the United States AND happen without collaboration between Russia and the United States.__ __C. START ratification is key to prevent extinction__ __Steven Starr , Physicians for social responsibility, 4/9/20  10  , "New START treaty represents an important achievement in arms control,"http://www.psr.org/nuclear-weapons/blog/new-start-treaty-represents.html, access 10/2__ __ Despite much criticism, the new START  treaty  represents AND new alliances and understandings that no longer include plans for nuclear holocaust. __

__1NC Cp__ __ Text: The Department of Defense should no longer procure its semiconductors from foreign semiconductor producers. The United States Federal Government should incentivize business cluster formation by creating an eligibility criterion to receive matched grants and prizes based on the merits of the cluster. __ __The counterplan effectively boosts existing clusters and creates market incentives for clusters.__ __ Porter, Harvard Business School professor, revised in 200 9 __ __[Michael, “Clusters and Economic Policy: Aligning Public Policy with the New Economics of Competition” [], p.8-9, initially published in 2007, accessed 11-14-10, TP]__ __ A Federal program to enable and incentivize AND of cluster activities would be open to all cluster group members. __ __[Tom note- the criterion is in the card]__

__Clusters solve all their econ internal links- boost productivity, skills, innovation, and efficiency.__ __ Martin, Mayer, Center for economic policy research, and Mayneris, Universite catholique de Louvain, 10-8- 10 __ __[Philippe, Thierry, and Mayer, “Public support to clusters A firm level study of French Local productive systems” [], p.3, accessed 11-14-10, TP]__ __A typical defense of cluster policies is that AND industrial clusters facilitate the exchange of information and knowledge .__

__Solvency__

__Randolph__ __, Bay Area Council Economic Institute President and CEO,  9-2, 20 10   ,__ __(Sean, “Silicon Valley Expats Spur Innovation in India”, Yale Global, PAS) [] 9-24-10__ __SAN FRANCISCO: Throughout history, AND e a factor, but opportunity is the driver .__
 * 1)   __Immigrants will go home or won’t come – foreign development__

__Endelman__ __, J.D. from the University of Houston, and Mehta, a graduate of Cambridge University and Columbia Law School, 10 __ __[Gary Endelman obtained a B.A. in History from the University of Virginia, a Ph.D. in United States History from the University of Delaware, and a. From 1985 to 1995, he worked in the private practice of Immigration and Nationality Law. From 1995 to present, he has worked as the in-house counsel for BP America Inc. and BP handling all U.S. immigration matters. Dr. Endelman is Board Certified in Immigration and Nationality Law, Cyrus D. Mehta,, is the Managing Member of Cyrus D. Mehta & Associates, PLLC in New York City. Mr. Mehta is the Chair of the AILA’s National Pro Bono Committee and is also the Co-Chair of the AILA-NY Chapter Pro Bono Committee. He is a former Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American Immigration Law Foundation. He was also the Secretary and member of the Executive Committee and the Chair of the Committee on Immigration and Nationality Law of the New York City Bar. He is also an Adjunct Associate Professor of Law at Brooklyn Law School, 3/25/10, www.ilw.com “ THE TYRANNY OF PRIORITY DATES,” accessed 10-28-10, CMM]__ __ The USCIS' website has a chart on national AND manner in furtherance of the law. __
 * 1)   __Can’t solve backlogs – increasing number strains the system__

__Krikorian__ __, master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 7 __ __(Mark, head of the Center Immigration Studies, a bachelor's degree from Georgetown University, and spent two years at Yerevan State University in then-Soviet Armenia, May, Center for Immigration Studies, “Without Merit: Why have skills-based immigration at all?,” http://www.cis.org/node/444, accessed 10-28-10, CMM)__ __Likewise, a large, ongoing flow of educated AND much of the incentive for business to pressure for education reform. __ __ Business pressure is key to education reform – solves competitiveness better  __ __ McNerney, Chairman, President and CEO of The Boeing Company, 4-22- 10   __ __(Jim, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, “Renewing U.S. Competitiveness and Innovation in a Changing Global Economy,” http://crl.boeing.com/news/speeches/2010/mcnerney_100422.html, accessed 10-28-10, CMM)__ __ While these statistics argue for immigration AND and innovative, growing global competitors, job growth will be constrained at best. __
 * 1)   __Turn –access to high-skilled workers causes business to stop funding and pushing for education.__

__Tiger__ __, a J.D. candidate at the Georgetown University Law Center, 8 __ __ (Joseph, He graduated from Georgetown University in 2006 with a degree in economics, Spring, Georgetown Immigration Law Journal “NOTE: RE-BENDING THE PAPERCLIP: AN EXAMINATION OF AMERICA'S POLICY REGARDING SKILLED WORKERS AND STUDENT VISAS,” 22 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 507, LexisNexis, accessed 10-27-10, CMM) __ __ Offering all students green cards  but not AND card and becoming a permanent resident, or leaving immediately upon the termination of F-1 status.__
 * 1)   __Stapling green cards to diplomas discourage foreign student enrollment gutting solvency__

__Lu__ __, Poli Sci Prof-Purdue, 9 __ __(Meng, Spring “ ARTICLE: NOT PART OF THE FAMILY: U.S. IMMIGRATION POLICY AND FOREIGN STUDENTS,” 34 Thurgood Marshall L. Rev. 343, lexis, accessed 10-28-10, CMM)__
 * 1)   __Alt- Cause – Student Visa restrictions__

__ The present policies and procedures of AND unprecedented challenges to foreign students. __

__Semiconductors Adv__

__SIA__ __, Semiconductor Industry Association, ‘10 __ __(“Doubling Semiconductor Exports Over the Next Five Years,” 6-17-10, [], accessed 11-19-10) PM__ __The SIA collects data on U.S. headquartered AND outside the U.S. market. (See Table 1, row 6-8).__
 * 1)   __The US industry is strong and growing – dominates the global market__

__Van Atta__ __, Institute for Defense Analysis, et al, ‘7 __ __(Richard, Mark Bittmann, Paul Collopy, Bradley Hartfield, Bruce Harmon, Marshall Kaplan, Nicolas Karvonides, Michael Lippitz, Jay Mandelbaum, Michael Marks, Malcolm Patterson, and Kay Sullivan, “Export Controls and the US Defense Indsustrial Base,” January 2007, [|http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=17&ved=0CEYQFjAGOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acq.osd.mil%2Fip%2Fdocs%2Fida_study- export_controls_%2520us_def_ib.pdf&rct=j&q=United%20States%20semiconductor%20industry%20offshore%20suppliers&ei=HbTFTP3FBoL48AbfzbmbBg&usg=AFQjCNFpNnV9qD8HRocdAbipipWN23afcQ&cad=rja], accessed 11-19-10) PM__ __ For the purposes of this sector study, the “semiconductor industry” comprises AND “Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls” (CoCom). __ __ 3. No risk of nuclear terrorism – no organizational capacity __ __ van den Bergh , Eramus University IR Professor, Hague Social Studies Institute, Harvard Harkness Fellow, Neterlands Association for International Affairs Chairman, Dutch Ministries Foreign Affairs and Defense IR Advisory Council Member, May 200  9  __ __[Godfried van Benthem, "The Taming of the Great Nuclear Powers," http://www.carnegieendowment.org/npp/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=23152]__ __ Recently, a new fear has developed. The NPT AND in small , relatively autonomous “  cells  .” __
 * 1)   __Advanced semiconductors play a very small role in military tech, and the DOD is the only buyer.__

__Richburg__ __, Washington Post, staff writer,  11/15  /2009__ __[Keith, "On eve of Obama visit, an uneasy co-dependency between U.S. and China," http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/15/AR2009111502435.html, 11/16]__ __As President Obama begins his three-day visit AND both win. If not, we both lose."__ __ 5. Iran and North Korea won’t lash out – too pragmatic __ __ Thielman, Arms Control Association Senior Fellow, 5/21/20 09 __ __[Greg, “Strategic Missile Defense: A Reality Check,” [] ]__ __In protesting Defense Secretary Robert Gates’ recent AND of__ **bringing down the temple on their heads.**
 * 1)   __No risk of any US-China war – economic interdependency__

__Growth Adv__

__Ikenberry__ __,  Princeton  University  International Affairs professor , Jan/Feb  8  ,__ __(G. John, "The Rise of China and the Future of the West ," Foreign Affairs, [], accessed 9-15-9)__ __ But not all power transitions generate war or AND basis for unprecedented levels of cooperation and shared authority over the global system. __ __ 2. US has uncontested leadership __ __ Joffe , Stanford International Studies Institute Senior FEllow, Hoover Institute IR Fellow, Die Zeit Co-Editor, Sept/Oct 200  9  __ __[Josef, "The False Prophecy of America's Decline," Foreign Affairs, EBSCO, access 9/6]__ __COMPOUND-INTEREST games are entertaining AND universities, especially from China and India. __
 * 1)   __Heg decline doesn’t lead to war- today’s international order ensures peaceful incorporation of rivals- it’s easy to join and hard to overturn__

__Gardner, lecturer in the UCLA Graduate School of Education, 9__ __ [Walt, 11-9-9, “Tech firms invent shortage panic,” [], accessed 7-4-10, WHS] __ __ Two years ago this month, several experts testified AND number of H-1B visas. It’s a vicious circle. __
 * 1)   __Shortage claims are lies – they’re just used to bring more workers in a low prices – discouraging Americans from entering those field__

__Teitelbaum__ __, demographer educated at Reed College and at Oxford University, 3 __ __ (Michael, Faculty member at Oxford University and Princeton University, and Distinguished Scholar at Yale University, Staff Director of the Select Committee on Population, U.S. House of Representatives, Professional staff member of the Ford Foundation and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, One of 12 Commissioners of the U.S. Commission for the Study of International Migration and Cooperative Economic Development (1988-90), First Vice President of the Population Association of America, the scientific society of demographers, Vice Chair and Acting Chair of the nine member U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform (1990-1997), Fall, The Public Interest, “Do we need more scientists?,” http://www.sloan.org/assets/files/teitelbaum/publicinterestteitelbaum2003.pdf, pages 52, accessed 9-25-10, CMM) __ __ The economist  Eric  Weinstein has uncovered  AND  clients such as would-be employers of skilled foreign workers. __
 * 1)   __There is no shortage – their authors have an agenda__

__PIMCO__ __, Pacific Investment Management Company, LLC, 10 __ __(is a global investment management and solutions firm, interview with Mihir P. Worah, managing director in the Newport Beach office, a portfolio manager, and head of the Real Return portfolio management team, he was a postdoctoral research associate at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Cnenter, where he built models to explain the difference between matter and anti-matter, he has eight years of investment experience and holds a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Chicago, and John R. Cavalieri, senior vice president and real return product manager in the Newport Beach office, worked in the investment banking division at Credit Suisse First Boston, he has 14 years of investment experience and holds an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and an undergraduate degree from the UCLA, November, “Inside the Inflation Debate: QE2 and Negative Real Yields in TIPS,” http://www.pimco.com/Pages/InsidetheInflationDebateNovember2010.aspx, accessed 11-15-10, CMM)__ __With the Federal Reserve injecting more AND extreme levels of monetary stimulus.__ __ Giving students green cards will undercut wages  __ __ Matloff , U.C. Davis computer science prof,  6  __ __(Norman, May, Center for Immigration Studies, “Best? Brightest?: A Green Card Giveaway for Foreign Grads Would Be Unwarranted,” http://www.cis.org/GreenCard-ForeignGraduates, accessed 9-27-10, CMM)__ __ F-4 would be a "free giveaway ," not only AND in order to suppress salaries in engineering and science. __ __Wages decreases cause rampant deflation__ __ Herr, Professor for Economics at the Berlin School of Economics, and Kazandziska , Lecturer at the Berlin School of Economics, 10 __ __ [Hansjörg and Milka, “The labour market and deflation in Japan”, Accessed 9-28-10, WHS] __ __ John Maynard Keynes (1930) added another important AND nominal wages open the floodgates to a destructive deflationary process. __ __Deflation spirals and no one can pull us out – causes a new Great Depression__ __ Krugman, Nobel Prize Winning Economist, 9   __ __[Paul, On the tipping point,: February 5,__ __[] JCP]__ __ Worst of all is the possibility that the economy will, AND the whole world is slumping at the same time? __
 * 1)   __No deflation now and if it does happen, it will be mild – low inflation will be sustained__

__Davis__ __, George Mason Public Policy Professor, 10 __ __(Ted, “ The Global Dynamic of High-Skill Migration: The Case of U.S./India Relations”, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, Pg. 3) Accessed on Google Scholar 5-19-10__ __ Concerns in the U.S. over declines in the AND in a global market are taking away jobs from native __ __ workers. __
 * 1)   __Increases in immigrant workers cause a protectionist backlash__

__WSJ__ __, 11-17- 10 __ __(“Obama's Overture to Business Gets Wary Reception From CEOs,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703628204575618823537838404.html, accessed 11-18-10, CMM)__ __The Obama  administration  's effort to reboot its relationship ANDexecutive of Barclays PLC, said during a session that included Mr. Summers.__
 * 1)   __Business confidence down and alt causalities outweigh a labor market__

__Peri,__ __U.C. Davis associate economic professor,  10  __ __(Giovanni, research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, June, Migration Policy Institute, “The Impact of Immigrants in Recession and Economic Expansion,” http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/Peri-June2010.pdf, page 11, accessed 9-25-10, CMM)__ __ A third difference between expansion and downturn AND short-run effects.__
 * 1)   __Slow growth constrains immigration’s benefits__

__Peri,__ __U.C. Davis associate economic professor,  10  __ __(Giovanni, research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, June, Migration Policy Institute, “The Impact of Immigrants in Recession and Economic Expansion,” http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/Peri-June2010.pdf, pages 6-7, accessed 9-25-10, CMM)__ __ The results suggest that in the long run, immigrants do AND immigrants in terms of new job creation and productivity boosts during recessions. __ __ 10. Competitiveness isn’t zero-sum __ __ Duncan , U.S. Secretary of Education, November, 20  10  ,__ __(Arne, “Back to School”, Foreign Affairs; Nov/Dec, Vol. 89 Issue 6, PAS) Accessed on Ebsco Host 11-10-10__ __Yet the relationship between education and international AND argued, " only because the world economy is now more open and integrated ."__
 * 1)   __That means their internal links don’t apply for a decade__

__12. Offshoring is being reversed now__ __ Bloomberg , 20  0 9   ,__ __(Rachael King, “CFOs Say Offshore Outsourcing to Decline”, Business Week) [] 9-11-10__ __In a new survey, chief financial officers at AND accounting and consulting organization.__ __ 13. High skill jobs can’t be offshored – innovation will remain in the US __ __ Drezner , University of Chicago Political Science Professor, 20  04  ,__ __(Daniel W., “The Outsourcing Bogeyman”, Foreign Affairs, May/June) [] 9-11-10__ __Similarly, most current predictions are not as AND and drive the U.S. economy.__ __ 14. Innovations don’t happen over night - Incremental improvements solve and most innovations take decades __ __ Alic,  adjunct professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies,   Mowery ,  Chair in New Enterprise Development, Haas Business and Public Policy Group, UC Berkeley,   and Rubin ,  Professor of Environmental Engineering and Science, Carnegie Mellon University ,  3  __ __(John A., former staff member at the congressional Office of Technology Assessment, directed studies on international competitiveness and technology policy, David C., and Edward S., November 2003,Pew Research Center, “U.S. technology and innovation policies: Lessons for Climate Change.”,, http://www.cleanenergystates.org/library/Reports/Pew_US-Technology_and_Innovation_Policies.pdf, page 8, accessed 11-10-10, CMM)__ __Despite their portrayal in the press and AND important for the ultimate economic effectiveness and adoption of new technologies. __ __ 15. They won’t hire people skilled enough to innovate __ __ Matloff , UC Davis Computer Science Professor, 20  08  ,__ __(Norman, “H-1Bs: Still Not the Best and the Brightest”, Center for Immigration Studies, PAS, May) [] 9-24-10__ __The results show, once again….they say and do__ __The results  first  show , once again, AND what they say and do .__ __ 16. Immigrants are not key to entrepreneurship – their studies all assume artificially inflated results. __ __ Miano, Center for Immigration Studies, 12-15- 09 __ __[John, “The American-Bashers Revisited” [], accessed 10-29-10, TP]__ __I point out the pounding Mr. Wadhwa's investors AND expansion of the definition of a founder further skews these results. __ __ 17. Start-ups will fail – no investment __ __ All , ATM Marketplace Online Trade Editor,  8-30  ,  10  ,__ __(Ann, “Startups Alone Can't Save U.S. Economy”, ITBusiness Edge, PAS)__ __[] 10-8-10__ __Wadhwa makes some valid points. But startups' ability to AND working for Google. The search giant folded Dodgeball into its Google Latitude service.__ __ 18. Espionage means workers send tech knowledge back home – turning advantage solvency  __ __ U.S. Office of the National Counterintel ligence Executive, 6 __ __[August, “Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage-2005,” [], Accessed 9-26-10, WHS]__ __ Foreign businessmen, scientists, AND, are well placed to broker illegal tech nology transfers from the U nited S tates. __
 * 1)   __Double bind – either the companies that offshore are American companies, and the US would feel any of the benefits of their success or innovation, or the companies that offshore are already foreign which means that the benefits of their innovations will be felt domestically – not in the US.__

=__Liberty Finals v Wake HM__=

__H1B Cp__
__TEXT: USFG should lift the cap on H-1B visas.__

__ Solves warming –  __

__The stimulus massively invested moving America toward a green economy through smart grid incentives.__ __ Grunwald, Time Magazine staff writer, 8-26 -10__ __[Michael, 2010, “How the Stimulus Is Changing America,” [|http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,2013683,00.html#], Accessed 8-26-10, WHS]__

__Yes, the stimulus has cut taxes for 95% of working AND Arizona's utility commission. "It really moves us toward a tipping point." (Watch the video "TIME Polls America: Spend or Cut?")__

__The lack of a trained workforce ensures stimulus failure now.__ __ Bradbury, Business Green staff writer, 2009  __ __ [Danny, “Green Energy Skills Shortage on the Horizon, Warn Engineers,” 2-17-09,  [], accessed 8-25-10, PM]__

__ The US stimulus package is due to create hundreds AND sector alone over the next two years. __

__ Solves jobs, the economy, and competitiveness –  __ __ Klein, Washington Post, 10  __ __(Ezra, 9-24-10, “The megapayoff of increased immigration is lost on politicians,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/24/AR2010092401774.html, accessed 9-24-10, CMM)__

__ The mistake we make when thinking about the effect immigrants have AND go up, and the prices of the things we want to buy go down. __

__ Each H1B creates 4 more jobs  __ __ Sherk, Senior Policy Analyst in Labor Economics, and Nell , Research Programmer, 8   __ __(James and Guinevere, April 30, 2008, Heritage Foundation, “More H-1B Visas, More American Jobs, A Better Economy”, [], accessed 10-25-10, CMM)__

__Many American high-tech workers oppose raising the H-1B cap, AND employees whose skills are less advanced than those of H-1B workers. __

__Three reasons H-1Bs solve competitiveness – intellectual capital, prevents offshoring, and attracts foreign nationals to universities.__ __ Cromwell, Brooklyn Law School J.D. candidate, 200 9 __ __[Courtney, Johns Hopkins University B.A 2003, 3 Brook. J. Corp. Fin. & Com. L. 455, “Friend or foe of the US Labor market: why congress should raise or eliminate the h-1b visa cap” Lexis, accessed 9-24-10, TP]__

__In addition to the high demand for workers, proponents AND over-exaggerate the abuse of the category. n175__

__** A – Uniqueness – The economy will continue to grow slowly  **__ __** Hewitt, Technorati writer, 10-7-10  **__ __(Scott, Technorati, “Bad Economy Predicted to Turn “Fairly Bad”,” http://technorati.com/politics/article/bad-economy-predicted-to-turn-fairly/, accessed 10-7-10, CMM)__

__Jan Hatzius, Goldman’s big dog economist AND that the first of these scenarios, the “fairly bad” one, is the most likely to occur. __

__** B – Link – Slow growth has created a bond bubble – quickly jumpstarting the economy causes bond depreciation. **__ __** Canby, president of a financial advising company, 9-27-10  **__ __(Darrell J., The MetroWest Daily News, “Should investors be worried about a bond bubble?,” http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/business/business_columnists/x802540691/Should-investors-be-worried-about-a-bond-bubble, accessed 10-7-10, CMM)__

__Unfortunately, when it comes to investing, you AND would suffer a capital loss more than three times the current yield. __

__**C – Impact – That bursts the bubble and collapses the economy**__ __** Rowe, Carleton University Economics Professor, 8/27/ 10   **__ __[ Nick, “The bond "bubble", and why we should be worried about it” [|Worthwhile Canadian Initiative] __ __[] JCP]__

__ If the US and world economy were operating AND hold bonds at current prices are rational. __

__2NC Bond DA__
__ Fast growth causes a quick withdrawal from the bond market causing an economic tidal wave  __ __ Brown, investment advisor rep and Vice President at [|Fusion Analytics] , 10-14- 10   __ __(Joshua, The Reformed Broker, “When the Levee Breaks,” http://www.thereformedbroker.com/2010/10/14/when-the-levee-breaks/, accessed 10-14-10, CMM)__

__ What happens when an extra half trillion dollars AND of $14.28 billion during September, lower than August's $16.81 billion __

__ This bubble is bigger than previous ones and would be devastating  __ __ Kavadas, Seeking Alpha economic contributor, 10-5- 10   __ __(Ted, full-time investor, “Bond Prices Will Correct in Months, Not Years,” http://seekingalpha.com/article/228492-bond-prices-will-correct-in-months-not-years, accessed 10-8-10, CMM)__

__Lately there has been much commentary on whether AND market bubble stands out from other bubbles in history in both size and duration. __

__ Quick sector specific growth creates more bubbles and masks an unhealthy economy – making collapse inevitable  __ __ Chopra, Chief Technology Officer and Associate Director, Office of Sciecne and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President of the United States, 6-22- 10   __ __(Aneesh, Congressional Testimony to the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation and Export Promotion United States Senate on Innovation in America: Opportunities and Obstacles, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CBwQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmicrosites%2Fostp%2FChopra%2520Senate%2520Testimony%2520Innovation%2520June%252022%2520FINAL.pdf&rct=j&q=aneesh%20chopra%20%22Innovation%20in%20America%3A%20Opportunities%20and%20Obstacles%22&ei=6AnKTJmpBoL78AaEp6UW&usg=AFQjCNEFO3PngxHjOAmbaeRuLG0iwly_Pg&sig2=BLHAiWLUC0P9imLg_CWXBA, accessed 10-28-10, CMM)__

__Problems with the Bubble-Driven Growth of the Past__ __ Despite the American economy’s historic strength, our economic AND of lasting prosperity – were ignored during the last bubble .__

__ No double dip – but the economy is weak enough to trigger our impact  __ __ Gavin, Boston Globe, 11-4 -10  __ __(Robert, “Economy set to sputter along,” http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2010/11/04/economy_set_to_sputter_along/, accessed 11-4-10, CMM)__

__But it’s also uncertain whether Republicans, who generally AND we’ll get through  ,’’ said Zandi. “ But if we go back into recession, it will be a very dark one.’’  __

__ Experts agree – no double dip  __ __ The Guru Investor, 10-29 -10  __ __(“Double-Dip No Longer a Threat, Top Forecasting Group Says,” http://theguruinvestor.com/2010/10/29/double-dip-no-longer-a-threat-top-forecasting-group-says/, accessed 11-4-10, CMM)__

__Lackshman Achuthan, director of the Economic AND double-dip is no longer a threat. __

__ No double dip, but growth will be slow  __ __ Nutting, Washington columnist for MarketWatch, 10-27 -10  __ __(Rex, “Economy is running out of gas,” http://www.marketwatch.com/story/economy-is-running-out-of-gas-2010-10-27?pagenumber=2, accessed 10-29-10, CMM)__

__ The U.S. economy is in danger of sliding back into AND economists are predicting an outright recession, just very slow growth. __

__ Growth will be slow  __ __ MarketWatch, 10-29-10  __ __(“U.S. economy growing, but not fast enough,” http://www.marketwatch.com/story/us-economy-growing-but-not-fast-enough-2010-10-29?reflink=MW_news_stmp, accessed 10-29-10, CMM)__

__ The U.S. economy was growing a t only a moderate 2% annual AND analysts expect more of the same for the rest of this year and next. __

__Russian Investment Trade-off DA__
__** Unique link – Russia is winning over investment capital– the plan reverses the trend  **__ __** Russia Today, RT, 6-24- 10   **__ __(“Cisco commits to Skolkovo as President looks over hi tech role models,” http://rt.com/Business/2010-06-24/cisco-commits-skolkovo-president.html, accessed 10-20-10, CMM)__

__Russian president Dmitry Medvedev is looking AND stem the brain-drain and foster high-tech start-ups in Russia. __

__** The Russian IT sector is key to its economy  **__ __** Satinsky, attorney at B.E.A. Associates, 6   **__ __(Daniel, specializes in dealing with issues of international commerce between Russia and the US, and the President of the US-Russia Chamber of Commerce of New England, 6-13-06, summary of a speech, The School of Russia and Asian Studies, “The Growth of  Russia's IT Outsourcing Industry: The Beginning of Russian Economic Diversification?,” http://sras.org/russian_it_and_economic_diversification, accessed 10-20-10, CMM)__

__ The  information technology (  IT  ) outsourcing  industry AND help transform Russia’s role in the world economy ." __

__** Nuclear war  **__ __** David, Johns Hopkins poli sci professor, 99  **__ __(Steven, Jan/Feb, Foreign Affairs, “Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars,” lexis)__

__ If internal war does strike Russia, economic AND that would follow a Russian civil war. __

__2NC Russian Investment Trade-off DA__
__ Turns case – Russia is key solve global problems  __ __ Taylor , The Atlantic staff writer, 200  8  __ __["Medvedev Spoils the Party," http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200811u/medvedev-obama/2, 10/27]__

__Like it or not, the U nited S tates cannot solve crucial AND the “indispensable nation” with which to face a volatile future arm in arm. __

__ Russia is attracting high skilled workers now – the plan reveres the trend, collapsing the Russian economy  __ __ Borisov, Russian Opinion and Analysis Review, 5-7-10  __ __(Sergey, Russia Today (RT), “ROAR: Russia attracts highly-skilled specialists,” http://rt.com/Politics/2010-05-07/roar-russia-attracts-specialists.html, accessed 10-18-10, CMM)__

__ The Russian parliament has adopted in the second reading AND __ __ advantage should be used sensibly in the future, he noted.__

__ Skolkovo is succeeding with investment now – nanotech forum proves  __ __ Yaremenko, Pravda, 11-4 -10  __ __(Boris, “Microsoft Wants Russian Silicon Valley,” http://english.pravda.ru/science/tech/04-11-2010/115637-microsoft_skolkovo-0/, accessed 11-4-10, CMM)__

__ The Third International Forum on Nanotech nology AND project may include Siemens, Boeing, and Cisco. __

__ Ending Russia reliance on natural resources solves nationalism and aggression  __ __ Cohen, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Ericson , Ph.D., Chair of the Department of Economics at the East Carolina University and former Director of the Harriman Institute at Columbia University, 9   __ __(Ariel and Richard, November 2, 2009, The Heritage Foundation, “Russia's Economic Crisis and U.S.-Russia Relations: Troubled Times Ahead,” Backgrounder #2333, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/11/russias-economic-crisis-and-us-russia-relations-troubled-times-ahead, accessed 10-27-10, CMM)__

__ An economic model based on natural resources AND would be more compatible with democratization and the rule of law. __ __ Economic and military power are decoupled  __ __ Friedman, chief [|intelligence officer] , financial overseer, and CEO of the private intelligence corporation [|Stratfor] , 9   __ __(George, 7-27-09, Stratfor, “The Russian Economy and Russian Power,” http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090727_u_s_policy_continuity_and_russian_response, accessed 10-27-10, CMM)__

__ Counting on Russian strategic power to track AND of Russian political personalities but of Russian geopolitical necessity.__

__ Decline doesn’t constrain Russian militarism  __ __ Cohen, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Ericson, Ph.D., Chair of the Department of Economics at the East Carolina University and former Director of the Harriman Institute at Columbia University , 9   __ __(Ariel and Richard, November 2, 2009, The Heritage Foundation, “Russia's Economic Crisis and U.S.-Russia Relations: Troubled Times Ahead,” Backgrounder #2333, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/11/russias-economic-crisis-and-us-russia-relations-troubled-times-ahead, accessed 10-27-10, CMM)__

__ Despite the downturn, Russia has pocketed  AND Asia to the Black Sea. __

__Modernization is not for offensive purposes__ __ Santoro , Liu Institute Disarament and Nonproliferation Research Centre Postdoctoral Research Fellow, March 20  10  __ __[David, "A Turning Point for Nuclear Disarmament?," The Nonproliferation Review, Volume 17, Issue 1, pages 23 - 47]__

__Moreover, Russia's nuclear modernization programs AND also explain why modernization has proceeded at a relatively slow pace.__

__ Russian economy is up – investment and low inflation  __ __ VOA News, 9-17-10  __ __(“Putin Says Russian Economy Improving,” http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/Putin-Says-Russian-Economy-Improving-103160439.html, accessed 10-27-10, CMM)__

__Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin says his AND $1.2 trillion economy in the first half of 2010. __

= =

=__Liberty Octos v George Washington__=

__T - No Exemptions__
__A. Interpretation – Increasing the number of visas is raising the cap – exempting allows different individuals to not count against it__ __ San Jose Mercury News, ‘99  __ __ (“High Tech Visa Cap Should Not Rise Yet,” 8-10-99, provided through Adversity.net,  [], accessed 10-26-10) PM__

__"Texas Sen. Phil Gramm, the principal AND at least $60,000, from the annual limit.  __

__ B. Violation – the aff doesn’t increase the number of visas, just exempts a certain group. __

__ C. Standards –  __ __ 1. Predictable limits – no way the neg can predict which tiny group they can exempt from the cap – makes the neg research burden enormous and kills fairness. Holding them to raising the cap solves all their offense and allows the neg to predict their aff __ __ 2. Specificity – allowing them to get their specific exemptions forces the neg to generic links because we can’t predict everyone they exempt. Infinite prep means they’ll have specific link turns that we can’t beat – makes it impossible to be neg. __

__ D. Topicality is a voter for fairness and education. Evaluate through competing interpretations – it’s key to prevent arbitrary reasonability and judge intervention. __

__Carbon Sequestration CP__
__**The CP creates an incentive structure to spur ag carbon sequestration**__ __** Marland, National Laboratory Oak Ridge and McCarl, Texas A and M, October 200 1 **__ __[Gregg, Bruce, "Soil Carbon: Policy and Economics," Climatic Change, 51.1]__ __Agricultural soils provide a prospective AND total fabric of agricultural policy.__ __**Agricultural carbon sequestration is the most effective way to solve climate change**__ __** Bell, Greenhouse Gas Blog Editor, November 200 8 **__ __[Karla, "Soil Carbon from Rangelands in the US," http://www.cleantechblog.com/ 2009/01/soil-carbon-from- rangelands-in-us.html]__ __Furthermore, Savoury maintains that low impact AND unrecognised sink for carbon emissions.__ __**Only the CP solves—C02 reduction strategies fail—there is enough C02 in the atmosphere to trigger 100% of the case impacts**__ __** Savory, Savory Center for Holistic Management Founder, received the Australian International Banksia Award for the person or organization doing the most for the environment on a global scale, 200 8 **__ __[Allan, “A Global Strategy for Addressing Global Climate Change,” holisticmanagement.org.au/PDF/ A+Global+Strategy+for+ Addressing+Climate+Change+2% 5B1%5D.pdf]__ __Simplistic and counter intuitive as it may AND not caused by atmospheric carbon buildup.__

__** Unique link – immigration is being discouraged now – the plan reverses this **__ __** Llana, Christian Science Monitor, 10-9- 10 **__ __(Sara Miller, “Global doors slam shut on immigrants,” http://www.csmonitor.com/ World/Global-Issues/2010/1009/ Global-doors-slam-shut-on- immigrants, accessed 10-17-10, CMM)__ __Just as Americans want Mexicans out, AND is involved in significant ways in international migration."__

__**Immigration disrupts a transition to renewable energy and makes peak oil inevitable**__ __** Attarian, a Ph.D in economics from the University of Michigan, 2 **__ __(John, Summer 2002, The Social Contract Press, Volume 12, Number 4, “The Coming End of Cheap Oil,” http://www.thesocialcontract. com/artman2/publish/tsc1204/ article_1095.shtml, accessed 7-2-10, CMM)__ __The coming oil crunch makes curtailment of mass AND into an impoverished nation with Third World living standards.__

__** Peak oil causes US adventurism – causing extinction **__ __** Heinberg, core faculty member at New College of California, 3 **__ __(Richard, authors of multiple books on the issues of resource depletion, Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute in Sebastopol, California, “The Party’s Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies,” p. 230)__ __Today the average US citizen uses five AND industrial civilization, but of humanity and most of the biosphere .__

__Deforestation Adv__
__**Status quo grow back solves deforestation – new forests on abandoned farmland are expanding faster than old rainforests can be destroyed and solve habitat destruction and global warming**__ __**New York Times, 1/29/2009**__ __[“New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rainforests” 2009]__

__Here, and in other tropical countries …compensate for rain forest destruction.__

__**Grow back solves biodiversity – up to 90 percent of rainforest species can survive in new forests**__ __**New York Times, 1/29/2009**__ __[“New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rainforests” 2009]__

__Dr. Wright — an internationally … can survive in new forest.__

__**Prefer our argument—their authors manipulate forest data to exaggerate the problem**__ __Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography (SJTG), Book Review, 2000, “BOOK REVIEWS Reframing Deforestation: Global Analysis and Local Realities: Studies in West Africa”, 21:2, 99-103, Wiley Interscience__

__The abuse of information to support … widely as competing interpretations.__

__**Global deforestation inevitable**__ __**A. Brazilian biofuel demand makes defo and global warming inevitable**__ __**Grunwald, TIME Senior Correspondent, 3/27/2008**__ __[Michael, "The Clean Energy Scam," http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1725975,00.html]__

__From his Cessna a mile above the …an increasingly alarming rate.__

__**B. Africa defo**__ __New Press, staff writer, 11/26/2008, “Africa could reduce greenhouse gases : Taking more carbon out of the atmosphere than it releases”, lexis__

__Although Africa contributes … Commission's research department.__

__**C. Indonesia—causes warming too**__ __Japan Economic Newswire, staff writer, 11/17/2008, “Indonesian firms destroying rainforests for palm oil: Greenpeace”, 11-17, lexis__

__Environmental group Greenpeace on … to expand such plantations by another 20 million hectares.__

__**Reforestation is distinct from regular forests – they uniquely kill biodiversity**__ __Sinks Watch, Nonprofit advocacy group that tracks and scrutinises carbon sequestration projects, highlighting their threats to forests, ecosystems, forest peoples and the climate. SinksWatch focuses on tree plantations, particularly in areas where land tenure and land use rights are in dispute, "plantations" http://www.sinkswatch.org/plants.html, access 11/6/10__

__Forestry professionals and plantation … after as short a growing period as possible.__

__**Two specific species**__ __**A. Flora—that’s key to biodiversity and soil**__ __Ricardo Carrere, former professional forester, International Coordinator of the World Rainforest Movement, Third World Institute Deputy Director, Author of numerous books on forestry, 1999, "Ten replies to ten lies," http://www.wrm.org.uy/plantations/material/lies.html, access 11/6/10__

__3. Flora: the impacts on local …distance from the plantation site.__

__**B. Fauna—also key to biodiversity**__ __Ricardo Carrere, former professional forester, International Coordinator of the World Rainforest Movement, Third World Institute Deputy Director, Author of numerous books on forestry, 1999, "Ten replies to ten lies," http://www.wrm.org.uy/plantations/material/lies.html, access 11/6/10__

__4. Fauna. Impacts on local … the areas around the plantations.__

__**Tree plantations net-increase the amount of deforestation**__ __Ricardo Carrere, former professional forester, International Coordinator of the World Rainforest Movement, Third World INstitute Deputy Director, Author of numerous books on forestry, 1999, "Ten replies to ten lies," http://www.wrm.org.uy/plantations/material/lies.html, access 11/6/10__

__This argument goes thus: since plantations … behind these types of destruction.__

__**No risk of aff offense - Plantations will be built on productive and ecologically important lands—tree firms manipulate the term “degraded” land to build on better soil**__ __Ricardo Carrere, former professional forester, International Coordinator of the World Rainforest Movement, Third World INstitute Deputy Director, Author of numerous books on forestry, 1999, "Ten replies to ten lies," http://www.wrm.org.uy/plantations/material/lies.html, access 11/6/10__

__This argument is absolutely … neither "degraded" nor "under-utilized".__

__**Turn: H-2B forestry visas go to tree plantations not sustainable reforestation, the sustainable reforestation occurs in the Northwest using undocumented labor and there is no difference in exploitation.**__ __**Sarathy and Casanova, Pitzer College Environmental Studies/International, Intercultural Studies Assistant Professor and Auburn University, School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, 2008**__ __[Brinda and Vanessa, Guest workers or unauthorized immigrants? The case of forest workers in the United States__ __Policy Sci (2008) 41:95–114 DOI 10.1007/s11077-008-9057-z JCP]__

__This study examines regional … man- agement officials and the Department of Labor.__

__**They read their evidence backwards. Southern forests are at risk because of cellulosic ethanol production at Tree Farms.**__ __**Quaranda, campaign director at the forest protection advocacy group Dogwood Alliance, 8**__ __[Scot “Don’t Log the Forests for the Fuel: A Position Paper on the Potential Environmental and Economic Impacts of the Cellulosic Ethanol Industry in the Southern United States,” Accessed 11/6/2010 [] JCP]__

__Cellulosic ethanol production … cliff is only a short distance away.__

=__Liberty Round 6 v GMU LN__= __**START**__ __**Peak Oil DA**__ __**Prisons PIC**__ __**Courts CP**__ __**Cap K**__ __**China Brain Drain DA**__

__**A. Unique Link - China is winning the talent race with the US -- reforming visa policies**__ __**causes flight to the US.**__ __**Spotts, Christian Science Monitor Staff Writer, 2009,**__ __(Peter, “For China, a reverse brain drain in science?”, Christian Science Monitor, PAS, 5-1) http:__ __//www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Tech/2009/0501/for-china-a-reverse-brain-drain-in-science 10-27-10//__

__//China has hung a “Help Wanted” sign for scientists AND accelerating overseas, the US cannot take its//__ __//leadership for granted.//__

__//**A lack of skilled workers crushes Chinese transition to consumption-based economy – that**//__ __//**undermines national stability**//__ __//**De Angelis, executive director of the Institute for Advanced Technologies in Global**//__ __//**Resilience, 6-22, 2010,**//__ __//(Stephen, scientist at the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon, visiting scientist at the Oak Ridge//__ __//National Laboratory, Senior Fellow and Adjunct Professor at the US Merchant Marine Academy, “The ‘China//__ __//Price’ Continues to Rise,” 6-22-10, http://enterpriseresilienceblog.typepad.com/enterprise_resilience_man/2010/06///__ __//the-china-price-continues-to-rise.html, accessed 9-1-10) PM//__

__//Another Financial Times' article rhetorically AND moving to cheaper locations in China’s interior."//__

__//**Chinese domestic consumption sustains the global economy**//__ __//**Ford, staff writer, ‘9**//__ __//(Peter, CS Monitor, “To Lift Economy, China Urges Citizens to Spend More,” 1-8-09, http://www.csmonitor.com///__ __//World/Asia-Pacific/2009/0108/p06s01-woap.html, accessed 9-1-10) PM//__

__//He is the sort of model entrepreneur whose AND politically risky social unrest if//__ __//the jobless rate climbs too high.//__

__//-**-Chinese economic rise prevents CCP instability and lashout – decline tanks the global**//__ __//**economy and undermines relations.**//__ __//**Mead, Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow, 2009,**//__ __//(Walter Russell, “Only Makes You Stronger: Why the recession bolstered America”, 1-22, PAS) http://__ __www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2169866/posts 10-27-10__

__The greatest danger both to U.S.-China relations AND and conflicts of modernization and change; nobody__ __knows what will happen if the growth stops.__

__**Lashout and extinction**__ __**Yee Prof Politics and IR ‘2, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University**__ __and Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 02 (Herbert Yee, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence__ __Studies at Deakin University, 2002, “The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p5)__

__The fourth factor contributing to the AND also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.__

__**Global economy recovery key to prevent nuclear World War III**__ __**O'Donnell, Baltimore Examiner staff writer, 2009**__ __[Sean, Republican Examiner writer. 2-26-2009, The Baltimore Republican Examiner, "Will this recession lead to World War III?," http://__ __www.examiner.com/x- 3108-Baltimore-Republican- Examiner~y2009m2d26-Will-this- recession-lead-to-World-War- III]__

__Could the current economic crisis AND sometimes history repeats__ __itself.__

=__***GSU***__=

__Number Spec__
__**A. Interpretation- number means quantity, they have to defend a specific quantity.**__ __**American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 2002**__ __[“Number” [], accessed 9-8-10, TP]__

__ num·ber  (nŭm'bər) n.1. A symbol expressive of a certain value or of a specific quantity determined by coun t .__

__**B. Violation- the aff doesn’t specify the number to which they increase visas.**__ __**C. Vote Neg**__ __**1. Ground - Specification is key to disads to garner politics and immigration based links. The difference in number can change the drastically change our best links. Specification must be in the plan to maximize pre-round prep and ensure counterplan competition.**__ __**2. Education – how to act on immigration policy is critical to topic education – lack of specification robs us of core educational distinctions in the topic literature. Debates over implementation are key to advocacy and policymaking education.**__

__Aspec__
__**A. Interpretation- power in the United States federal government is divided between three branches.**__ __** Rotunda, 2001 **__ __[18 Const. Commentary 319, “THE COMMERCE CLAUSE, THE POLITCAL QUESTION DOCTRINE, AND MORRISON,” lexis]__ __The Framers of our Constitution anticipated that AND by splitting it between two Houses of Congress.__

__**B. Violation- the aff does not specify which one of the three branches they use. The federal government does not enact policy, sub-branches do.**__ __**C. Standards-**__ __**1. Ground- Specification is key to disads based on the agent, all which are critical to politics and perception links. Specification must be in the plan to maximize pre-round prep and ensure counterplan competition.**__ __**2. Education- how the plan is implemented is an essential part of policy to gain real world knowledge on the policy making process.**__ __**D. Voter for fairness, education, and jurisdiction. Default to competing interpretations, key to prevent judge intervention and arbitrary evaluation standards.**__

__Courts CP__
__**Text: The United States Supreme Court should ….**__

__**Contention One: Competition – the counterplan competes through net-benefits – exclusive courts action is key to solve the net-benefit, any perm is severance of the executive and congress.**__

__**Contention Two: Solvency**__

__**The counterplan solves the entirety of the aff – the Courts have the authority to change immigration policy**__ __** Slocum , Florida Coastal Assistant Law Professor and Harvard JD, 20  07  ,**__ __(Brian G., “Canons, The Plenary Power Doctrine and Immigration Law”, Florida State University Law Review, Vol. 34, Winter, Pg. 29-30) [] 7-6-10__

__ Those predicting the end of the AND  classification made explicit by Congress.124__

__** And politics is a net benefit – courts are insulated allowing politicians to deflect criticism and pressure  **__ __** Intoccia , practicing attorney specializing in telecommunications,  01  **[Gregory Intoccia, practicing attorney specializing in telecommunications, 2001, Reassessing Judicial Capacity to Resolve Complex Questions of Social Policy, 11 USAFA J. Leg. Stud. 127, pg. np]__

__ Elected politicians  appear to "  pass AND decide whether to eliminate abortion restrictions . __

__Delegation CP__
__**Text: The United States federal government should delegate authority to an independent commission for creating visa policy.**__

__**Contention one- competition. The counterplan competes through net benefits- it is insulated from the link to politics, the perm links based on controversial Congressional action.**__

__**Contention two- solvency.**__

__**Delegation to an independent visa commission avoids Congressional controversy and makes visa policy most effective.**__ __** Rodriguez, New York University law professor, 2010 **__ __[Christina, Harvard visiting law professor, non-resident fellow of the Migration Policy Institute, Duke Law Journal, “Constraint through delegation: the case of executive control over immigration policy” Vol 59, www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?59+Duke+L.+J.+1787+pdf, p.1787, accessed 6-29-10, TP]__

__This Article proposes recalibrating the separation AND ante admissions power to the executive.__

__Ban Family Visas CP__
__**Text: The United States federal government should [insert mandates of the plan/whole resolution except for family-based visas]. The United States federal government should ban family-based visas.**__ __**Family-based visas exclude same-sex couples as a perpetuation of prejudice.**__ __**Carraher, Northwestern law Senior article editor, 2009**__ __[Timothy, Northwestern law review “Some suggestions for the UAFA: a bill for same-sex binational couples” [], p.154, accessed 9-13-10, TP]__

__ The family-based sponsorship program AND against GLBT individuals in immigration policy. __

__**Family-based visas act as restrictive heteronormative law for the sake of erasure of homosexuals- banning solves.**__ __**Luibhéid, Bowling Green State University Ethnic Studies assistant professor, 2004**__ __[Eithne, author of Entry Denied: Controlling Sexuality at the Border, Duke University Press, GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 10, “Heteronormativity and Immigration Scholarship: A Call for Change” [|muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_lesbian_and_gay_studies/v010/10.2luibheid.html], p229-30, accessed 8-20-10, TP]__

__But (where) do AND women are deemed "breeders." 18__

__Peace Process DA__
__**A. Uniqueness – Obama is pushing concessions from Netenyahu now – this is key to ensure Palestinian support and a solution to the settlement issue**__ __** Rozen, Politico, 9/16 /10  **__ __(Laura, foreign policy specialist, former reporter for Foreign Policy magazine, [] [accessed 9/16/10])__

__Translation by the Israeli Press ReviewAND graveyard for awhile," Miller said.  __

__**B. Link – Immigration reform kills Obama’s political capital for his agenda**__ __**Daniel Tichenor , Oregon University Social Science Professor, and Wayne Morse Law and Politics Center Senior Fellow, July 200  9  **, "Navigating an American Minefield: The Politics of Illegal Immigration," The Forum, 7.3, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss3/, 8/12/10__

__ Bush  had  pursued  comprehensive  immigration reform AND reform agenda and his party’s future  .__

__**C. Impact -**__ __**1. Failure of settlement solution results in Hamas takeover and Middle East war - Status quo settlements will prevent**__ __** Pryce Jones, National Review, 9/20  **__ __(David, “Two States -- Plus Israel? - More dubious Mideast wisdom from President Obama”, lexis [accessed 9/15/10]__

__That is the starting point of AND an end to the Jewish state. __

__**2. Arab/Israeli conflict leads to global instability and nuclear annihilation.**__ __** Nawash, Former Bush Representative to Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 2009  **__ __(Kamal, master of laws, international legal studies, American University, Legal Director of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, LLC, first Arab American and Muslim to be nominated to run for the Virginia State Senate, The Muslim Observer, "Israel/Palestine Conflict May Lead to Nuclear War" [] [accessed 9/3/10])__

__ Once again the Palestinian/Israeli AND. There are no other choices.__

__Wage Deflation DA__
__** A. We’re on the brink of deflation – low core inflation  **__ __** Hauser, NYT, 9-17  **__ __[Christine, 2010, “U.S. Consumer Prices Remain Steady,” [], Accessed 9-17-10, WHS]__

__ Consumer prices remained mostly flat in AND and struggling job and housing markets. __

__**B. H-1B cause wage deflation – young workers lower the wage of the whole industry**__ __** Rubenstein , Hudson Institute Research Director and Economist,  01  ,**__ __(Edwin S., “Reverse Brain Drain”, December PAS) [] 6-23-10__

__ Does  the  H-1b  program  AND increases high-tech job vacancies  .__

__**C. Internal Link: This spills over collapsing the economy**__ __** Sanger, Canadian Union of Public Employees Economist, 9   **__ __[Toby, “ [|Wage-Price Deflationary Spiral] ” Jan. 23rd, [| http://www.progressive-economics.ca/2009/01/23/wage-price-deflationary-spiral/] JCP]__

__I don’t usually read (or AND businesses and communities. Sounds similar.__

__**The U.S. economy the engine for the world economy**__ __** Caploe, 4/7/ 9   **__ __[David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis]__

__ IN THE aftermath of the G AND have to be solved there too. __

__**D. Impact: Global economy recovery key to prevent nuclear World War III**__ __** O'Donnell, Baltimore Examiner staff writer, 9   **__ __ [Sean, Republican Examiner writer. 2-26-2009, The Baltimore Republican Examiner, "Will this recession lead to World War III?," http://www.examiner.com/x- 3108-Baltimore-Republican- Examiner~y2009m2d26-Will-this- recession-lead-to-World-War- III] __

__ Could the current economic crisis affecting AND. However sometimes history repeats itself. __

__China Brain Drain DA__
__**Uniqueness – China incentivizing skilled workers to come home now**__ __** Wadhwa , Duke Engineering School Adjunct Professor and Harvard Law Labor and Worklife Program Senior Research Associate, 20  09  ,**__ __(Vivek, “A Reverse Brain Drain”, Issues in Science and Technology, Spring, Pg. 46) [] 6-20-10__

__The Chinese situation is somewhat AND substantial incentives for returnees with these skills. __

__**Link – Expanding skilled immigration policy attracts foreign workers**__ __** Wadhwa , Duke Engineering School Adjunct Professor and Harvard Law Labor and Worklife Program Senior Research Associate, 20  09  ,**__ __(Vivek, “A Reverse Brain Drain”, Issues in Science and Technology, Spring, Pg. 46) [] 6-20-10__

__ An inhospitable immigration policy environment AND former employees of Bristol-Meyers Squibb.__

__**High skilled workers key to consumption based economy – demand for higher wages**__ __** Freemantle and Stevens, senior and international economist at Standard Bank Group, ‘10 **__ __(Simon and Jeremy, Standard Bank Group is an economist group based out of Johannesburg, South Africa, “The Rise of the Chinese Consumer,” 4-8-10, [], accessed 9-1-10) PM__

__An additional factor presenting opportunities AND feel they can increase their demands;__

__**Chinese domestic consumption sustains the global economy**__ __** Ford, staff writer, ‘9  **__ __ (Peter, CS Monitor, “To Lift Economy, China Urges Citizens to Spend More,” 1-8-09,  [], accessed 9-1-10) PM__

__He is the sort of model entrepreneur AND social unrest if the jobless rate climbs too high.__

__**D. Impact: Global economy recovery key to prevent nuclear World War III**__ __** O'Donnell, Baltimore Examiner staff writer, 9   **__ __ [Sean, Republican Examiner writer. 2-26-2009, The Baltimore Republican Examiner, "Will this recession lead to World War III?," http://www.examiner.com/x- 3108-Baltimore-Republican- Examiner~y2009m2d26-Will-this- recession-lead-to-World-War- III] __

__ Could the current economic crisis affecting AND. However sometimes history repeats itself. __

__Cap Good__
__**A. Governmental immigration management renders all property unto the state and represents the ultimate dissolution of the sovereignty of the individual**__ __** Hoppe, Ludwig von Mises Institute Senior fellow, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Economics Professor, 1999  **__ __[Hans-Hermann, “On Free Immigration and Forced Integration,” LewRockwell.com, http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/hermann-hoppe1.html]__

__Moreover, with the establishment of AND -existent under private property anarchism).__

__**B. Moral individualism is the only constraint on state power. Left unchecked the state will sacrifice its population for self-preservation representing the only avenue for nuclear war and extinction.**__ __** Kateb, William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics, Emeritus, at Princeton University, 92  **__ __[George, The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture, pg 120-126]__

__The moral ideas underlying and informing AND__ **and the individual most pitilessly dwarfed**__.__

__**Government Coercion destroys the value to life and cannot be morally justified**__ __** Machan, Professor of philosophy, Auburn University, 95  **__ __ [Tibor, PRIVATE RIGHTS AND PUBLIC ILLUSIONS, p. 68-9] __

__ All governmental action that does not AND powers to attain some worthy goal. __

__**C. Radical Framing of Libertarian Politics is critical: by relentlessly attacking statist policies we can usher in a capitalist utopia (Gender paraphrased)**__ __** Rothbard, Dean of Austrian School, Head of Mises Institute, 73  **__ __[Murray N., For A New Liberty, The Libertarian Manifesto, http://www.mises.org/rothbard/newlibertywhole.asp#p263]__

__There is another vital tactical reason AND__ **in theory is perpetuity in practice**__."__

__Cap Bad__
__**A. The affirmatives logic of calculation reduces humanity to expressions of economic utility functions. The state becomes the tool of the market.**__ __** Brown, Berkeley Political Theorist, 2003 **__ __[Wendy, Neo-liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy, [], p.40-1, accessed 9-11-10, TP]__

__ The political sphere, along with every other dimension AND foreign policy, including warfare and the organization of "homeland security." __

__**B. Resisting this reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale.**__ __** Daly, University College of Northampton politics senior lecturer, 2004 **__ __[Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16]__

__ For Zizek it is imperative that we cut AND status of the abject Other to that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. __

__**C. Completely withdraw from the ideology of capital – this is essential to destroy the fetish that allows capital to survive.**__ __** Johnston, interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University, 2004 **__ __[Adrian, Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, December v9 i3 p259 page infotrac]__

__Perhaps the absence of a detailed political AND fetishism or the truth? I choose fetishism"). __

= __***Northwestern***__ =

__Visa Waivers Cp__
__Text: The United States federal government should put …__ __Into the Visa Waiver Program.__

__Counterplan competes through net benefits__

__Visa Waiver Program allows other countries to access tourism and business in the US more easily however no country has been added since 9/11__ __ Griswold , Cato Center for Trade Policy Studies Director, 20  07  ,__ __(Daniel, “Expand Visa Waiver Program to Qualified Countries”, 1-26, Free Trade Bulletin no. 26) [] 8-1-10__

__ For most people outside the U nited S tates AND__ __ added since  the terrorist attacks of  September 11 , 2001.__

__START Politics__
__**A. Uniqueness – START will pass now – it has bipartisan support**__ __ Bergmann , Center for American Progress Policy Analyst,  9-16  , 2010,__ __(Max, “New START Ratification Should Be Inevitable Now – Reid Should Find the Time”, The Wonk Room, PAS) [] 9-16-10__ __ The Senate Foreign Relations Committee just voted AND __ __ arduous as it may have once seemed  .__

__B - Link -__ __Immigration reform kills Obama’s political capital for his domestic agenda__ __Daniel Tichenor , Oregon University Social Science Professor, and Wayne Morse Law and Politics Center Senior Fellow, July 200  9  , "Navigating an American Minefield: The Politics of Illegal Immigration," The Forum, 7.3, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss3/, 8/12/10__

__ Bush  had  pursued  comprehensive  immigration reform AND __ __ his broader reform agenda and his party’s future  .__

__C. Bipartisanship key to START passage__ __ Walker ,  Monterey Institute for International Studies Analyst  , 20  10  ,__ __(Sophie, “Senate Consideration of New START: The Battle for Ratification”, Nuclear Threat Intitiative, 4-26, PAS) [] 9-30-10__

__ Approval of the new treaty requires  that a resolution AND __ __ and about perceived limitations to U.S. missile defenses. __

__C. Impact – START prevents US-Russian nuclear war__ __ Isaacs , Executive Director of the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 12/4/200  9  __ __[John, “The Center for Arms Control and Nonproliferation, “Rebuttals to Arguments Against New START,”[], 3/13]__

__Response: First, it is not necessarily the AND__ __ exchange still exist. A new arms control treaty will reduce this risk. __

__China Military Mod DA__
__**First, Skilled immigrants are uniquely placed to broker illegal technology transfers – turns competitiveness**__ __U.S. Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive, 6__ __[August, “Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage-2005,” [], Accessed 9-26-10, WHS]__ __ Foreign businessmen, scientists, engineers, students, and AND __ __ illegal technology transfers from the United States. __

__**Second, foreign workers are trained here and return to China, boosting their efforts at modernization**__ __ PTI , The Press Trust of India Ltd, citing Vivek Wadhwa, Executive in Residence at the Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University,  7  __ __[7-9-7, “US should abolish H1B visa to prevent reverse brain drain,” [], accessed 7-3-10, WHS]__

__ A leading Indian researcher has suggested AND __ __ skilled immigrants to come in on permanent visas ," he said.__

__**Next is the impact: China modernization causes space wars**__ __Goldstein, Naval War College Prof, 5__ __[Lyle, 8-26, “China’s Nuclear Force Modernization,” [], Accessed 9-29-10, WHS]__

__ The relationship between China’s space program AND __ __can have clear military benefit.”__

__**Space war with China causes an intergalactic peal harbor**__ __Martel, Naval War College Prof., and Toshi, Tufts Univ. Doctoral Candidate, 3__ __[William and Yoshihara, “Averting a Sino-U.S. Space Race,” [], Accessed 9-29-10, WHS]__

__Conventional wisdom holds that space is so vital AND __
 * concerned that this is precisely China's strategy**__.__

= __***Richmond***__ =

__START Politics__
__A. START will pass now in the lame duck but Obama’s capital and focus will be critical__ __J. Taylor Rushing , The Hill staff writer,  10/4  /10, "GOP to Obama: START treaty still far from votes needed for ratification," http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/122289-gop-to-obama-start-treaty-still-far-from-ratification, access 10/5/10__

__ Senate Republicans are warning the Obama administration AND__ __other leading Republicans said they still need convincing .__

____

__2. That kills passage—political capital is key to push the agreement through Congress__ __Sergey Rogov,  Russian Academy of Science US and Canada Institute Director,  10 , BBC, “Russian Russian pundit views  Obama  's first year, prospects for relations with USA,” Lexis__

__The domestic political situation in the United States has now changed AND__ __happen without collaboration between Russia and the United States.__

__C. START ratification is key to prevent extinction__ __Steven Starr , Physicians for social responsibility, 4/9/20  10  , "New START treaty represents an important achievement in arms control,"http://www.psr.org/nuclear-weapons/blog/new-start-treaty-represents.html, access 10/2__

__ Despite much criticism, the new START treaty represents an important AND __ __ no longer include plans for nuclear holocaust. __

__Genocide PIC__
__Sample Text:__ __**The United States Federal Government should substantially increase the number of, and substantially expand beneficiary eligibility for, its category-based visas for all those seeking entrance, regardless of any category-specific beneficiary restrictions on eligibility, except for security grounds eligibility against participants in genocide.**__

__First—the counterplan competes—the aff advocacy eliminates eligibility restrictions against participants of gencoide—the CP excludes this action—any legitimate perm is severance__ __ Siskind 5  – Greg Siskind, founding partner of Siskind Susser, one of the nation's best known immigration practices, November 7, 2005, “The ABC's of Immigration: Inadmissibility –– Security Grounds,” http://www.visalaw.com/01sep3/12sep301.html, access 10/3__

__ US immigration law makes a variety of security related AND __ __ persecutions and those who have engaged in genocide.’ __

__Net-Benefit:__

__Denying visas to genocide participants is key to deter genocide and create international peace__ __ DOS 10  – U.S. Department of State, June 2010, “Human Rights Related Ineligibilities,” online: http://travel.state.gov/pdf/Human%20Rights%20Related%20Ineligibilites%20-%20June2010.pdf, access 10/3__

__1. Summary. The United States understands that AND__ __coerced organ or tissue transplantation.__

__Genocide outweighs—it deprives life of meaning—we are obligated to respond__ __Claudia Card , Institute for Research in the Humanities Senior Fellow, 200  3  __ __[Professor of philosophy (Ph.D from Harvard), “Genocide and Social Death,” Hypatia, vol. 18, no. 1, Winter]__

__ Genocide is not simply unjust (although it certainly AND__ __ meaninglessness of one's life and even of its termination. __

__Organized Crime DA__
__**A. Uniqueness – Colombia successfully winning the war on drug trafficking and terrorism now**__ __ Marcella , Former U.S. Army War College Adjunct Professor writing on Latin American affairs,  8-27  , 20  10  ,__ __(Gabriel, “A tale of two countries: Colombia and Venezuela”, Penn Live) [] 8-31-10__

__ Colombia — a nation perhaps best known AND __ __ has created economic chaos and repression .__

__**B. Link – Stopping trafficking leads to organized crime groups switching to drug trafficking**__ __ Adamoli  et al, Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime Research Assistant, 19  98  ,__ __(Sabrina, “Organized Crime Around the World”, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, Publication Series No. 31, Pg. 17) [|www.heuni.fi/uploads/mmadzpnix.pdf] 8-29-10__

__ Turning to  the  trafficking of migrants  and AND__ __activities to the ones in which it already specializes).__

__**C. Drug trafficking sales props up Colombian terrorism**__ __ Catanzaro , Evans-Novak Political Report Political Reporter, 20  01  ,__ __(Michael, “Colombian FARC threatens U.S.”, 10-22, Gender Modified ) [] 9-1-10__

__During an October 10 hearing of the House AND__ __to the pockets of al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden."__

__**That spills over to international nuclear terrorism**__ __ Investor's Business Daily , 3-4-  8  , "Let Colombia Win," l/n__

__ Some city in the world owes thanks to Colombia AND __ __ deserves the right to give victory a chance __.__

Speice, JD Candidate, February 200  6 [Patrick, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, Lexis]
 * This causes global nuclear conflict**

The potential  consequences  of the unchecked spread of nuclear AND the U nited  S  tates  and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.

No Worker Shortage
Gardner, lecturer in the UCLA Graduate School of Education, 9 [Walt, 11-9-9, “Tech firms invent shortage panic,” [], accessed 7-4-10, WHS]
 * 1. Shortage claims are lies – they’re just used to bring more workers in a low prices – discouraging Americans from entering those field**

Two years ago this month, several experts AND H-1B visas. It’s a vicious circle.

2. There is no shortage – their authors have an agenda Teitelbaum, demographer educated at Reed College and at Oxford University, 3 (Michael, Faculty member at Oxford University and Princeton University, and Distinguished Scholar at Yale University, Staff Director of the Select Committee on Population, U.S. House of Representatives, Professional staff member of the Ford Foundation and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, One of 12 Commissioners of the U.S. Commission for the Study of International Migration and Cooperative Economic Development (1988-90), First Vice President of the Population Association of America, the scientific society of demographers, Vice Chair and Acting Chair of the nine member U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform (1990-1997), Fall, The Public Interest, “Do we need more scientists?,” http://www.sloan.org/assets/files/teitelbaum/publicinterestteitelbaum2003.pdf, pages 52, accessed 9-25-10, CMM)

The economist  Eric  Weinstein has AND as would-be employers of skilled foreign workers.