George+Washington+Jane+Olmstead-Rumsey+&+Mariah+Helgeson+Aff

= = Plan Text: The United States federal government should expand beneficiary eligibility for its visas by removing the species requirement for its employment-based immigrant visas, nonimmigrant temporary worker visas, family-based visas and human trafficking-based visas.

** HUMAN ACTIVITY IS PERVASIVE WITH ANTHROPOCENTRISM THAT ENDORSES HUMAN SUPERIORITY AS A MEANS TO DOMINATE OTHERS. **
 * Smith, Penelope, author of //Animal Talk,// http://animalliberty/articles/penelope/pene-2.html 2 4/3/02.**


 * many humans have an attitude...less importance than humans.**


 * WE MUST BREAK FREE OF THE FRAME OF THINKING WHICH EXCLUDES ANIMALS. THEIR EXCLUSION FROM OUR LIVING AND WORKING SPACES IS THE ROOT OF THE HIERARCHY WHICH PLACES THEM BELOW HUMANS. **

The Trumpeter, 91 Anthony Weston, the Trumpter, 1991, "Non-Anthropocentrism in a Thoroughly Anthropocentrized World"

the anthropocentrized world....working spaces themselves


 * ANTHROPOCENTRIC THINKING LEADS TO EXPLOITATION OF ANIMALS, MINORITIES AND WOMEN. **

Adams, Josephine Donovan, Animals & Women Access via: Google-Print 1995. p. 355 Through massive and sustained exploitation...do not warrant equal consideration and respect.

Patterson, 02 (Charles Patterson, social historian, Holocaust, editor, therapist, author Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust, 2002 pp. 27
 * THE DOMINATION OVER ANIMALS LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN RACIAL HIERARCHICAL THOUGHT, SLAVERY, TYRANNY AND JUSTIFIES THE UNLIMITED BRUTALIZATION PEOPLE OF DIFFERENCE. **

** ANTHROPOCENTRISM IS THE ROOT CAUSE OF NUCLEAR CONFLICT, MILITARISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGREDATION. **
 * Li, Huey-li. .Professor, University of Akron On the Nature of Environmental Education, Feb 21 http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/96_docs/li.htm) **


 * CONDONING VIOLENCE AGAINST ANIMALS LEADS TO VIOLENT BEHAVIOR TOWARDS HUMANS AND MASS MURDERS. **
 * SFC 04 (San Francisco, Cruelty to animals a warning of possible violence to come, Margo DeMello Agust 2, 2004, retrieved online) **

Hugh LaFollette and Niall Shanks, East Tennessee State University, "The Origin of Specieism," 1996
 * SPECIESISM IS MORALLY EQUIVALENT TO RACISM AND SEXISM: IT MUST BE A PRIORI REJECTED. **


 * ANTHROPOCENTRIC LOGIC IS BASED ON A USE-VALUE, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS THAT BELIES THE FOUNDATION OF CAPITALISM. THIS IS THE FRAMEWORK THAT THE AFF REJECTS ****  EQUALITY IS NOT BASED ON WHICH ABILITIES SPECIES POSSESS.  **
 * Patricia Michaels, "Ecocentrism vs Anthropocentrism," 1997) **
 * THE WAY WE CODIFY ANTHROPOCENTRIC LOGIC IN LAW IS THE BASIS FOR ALL OTHER HIERARCHIES. **
 * Anne Bell and Constance L Russell, 1996 http://cssc.ca.CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3-bell.pdf **


 * THE AFF IS AN ENDORSEMENT OF A NEW LINGUISTIC PARADIGM FOR US LAW BY SHIFTING THE DISCOURSE FROM EXCLUSIVELY HUMAN TO ALL SPECIES. **

Roger W. ** __Galvin__ **, //What Rights for Animals? A Modest Proposal//, 2 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 245 (19** __85__ **) Available at: []
 * Legal discrimination against animals is a product of specieism and makes injustice for all inevitable ****

Lack of a precedent has never prevented the ascription of legal personhood before. The term “person” is devoid of precise, biological meaning. Roger W. ** __Galvin__ **, //What Rights for Animals? A Modest Proposal//, 2 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 245 (19** __85__ **) Available at: []

= = =**New plan text at Navy:** =

The United States federal government should enact the Title VII provisions of Senate Bill 1033 for H-5 visas to apply to essential workers in the domestic services industry.

New Solvency: Solvency: The H5-B visa class gives domestic workers the ability for unlimited job portability and path to citizenship, like the EB visas and is modeled on successful programs in Canada and the UK.

William J. **__ Banks __** received his JD. from Stetson University College of Law. He practices exclusively in the field of US. immigration and naturalization law from his offices in Clearwater, Florida. He is a member of the American Immigration Lawyers Association and the American Judicature Society. “The domestic worker debacle: the need for domestic worker visas in the United States” Florida Bar Journal April, 20 **__ 06 __** http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6367/is_4_80/ai_n29257393/pg_6/?tag=content;col1 **__ The most significant ... __** **__labor certification from the Department of Labor.__**

= = =**NEW DOMESTIC WORKER CARDS/PLAN TEXT AT WAKE** = THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY EXPAND BENEFICIARY ELIGIBILITY FOR EB3 AND EB4 VISAS TO INCLUDE MIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKERS.

** Reliance ** **on probablistic impact scenarios is based on a false logic which distorts the reality at the expense of more likely scenarios. This thinking leads to prioritizing the extreme, with disasterous consequences.**

Nancy **__Kanwisher 1989__** (?Cognitive Heuristics and American Security Policy? The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Dec., 1989), pp. 652-675) Kanwisher has been a professor of brain and cognitive sciences at MIT for over a decade, having previously worked at UCLA and Harvard.

In a study of heuristics used __**...**__ **__most likely scenarios for the initiation of conflict.__**

Magnitude times probability is an incoherent formula for assessing risk. Peter Sandman , former Professor in the Department of Human Ecology at Rutgers University (from 1977 through 2004), one of the world’s leading risk communication experts,  2004  (“Worst Case Scenarios,” //Risk = Hazard + Outrage: The Peter Sandman Risk Communication Website//, August 28th, Available Online at http://www.psandman.com/col/birdflu.htm) As traditionally defined, risk is the product of two factors: magnitude (also called consequence, how bad it is when it happens) multiplied by probability (or frequency, how likely it is or how often it happens).

In mathematics, of course, it doesn’t ... number ten has nothing to do with it!

Domestic workers are the exception to the rule for EB visas, labor protection for domestic workers is written out of US law.

JANIE A. **__CHUANG__**, Assistant Professor of Law, American University Washington College of Law, 20**__10__**, 1628 NORTH CAROLINA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 88] “ACHIEVING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR MIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKER ABUSE” http://nclawreview.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Chuang.wptd_.pdf

Exploitation of Domestic Workers by Diplomats **__ ... __****__ to harm the workers or their families back home. __**92

Despite legislated protection for A3-G5 and B1 visas, the lack of employment based movement replicates harms.

**__CASA of Maryland et al.__**; Andolan organizing south Asian workers; Domestic Workers United; Global Rights; University of North Carolina School of Law Human Rights Policy Clinic; Stefani Bonato; McKenna Coll; Eric Tars Thanks to Stefani Bonato and McKenna Coll for drafting this report with contributions from all of the endorsing organizations and individuals. 20**__06.__** “Domestic Workers’ Rights in the United States: A report prepared for the U.N. Human Rights Committee In response to the Second and Third Periodic Report of the United States. http://www.law.unc.edu/documents/clinicalprograms/domesticworkersreport.pdf

U.S. laws and regulations are in __**...**__ **__pay domestic workers under the minimum wage.__****__43__**

 **INHERENCY: WOMEN DOMESTIC WORKERS ARE NOT RECOGNIZED AS EMPLOYED DESPITE THEIR QUALIFICATIONS.**

Shireen **__Ally__**. //From Servants to Workers: South African Domestic Workers and the Democratic State//. Ithaca: ILR Press, 20**__09__** = = **THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY EXPAND THE BENEFICIARY ELIGIBILITY OF A-3, G-5 AND B-1 DOMESTIC WORKER VISAS UNDER THE CATEGORY OF EMPLOYMENT BASED VISAS.**

OBSERVATION TWO IS THE DAILY STRUGGLE

** US LAW TIES DOMESTIC WORKER VISAS TO A SPECIFIC EMPLOYER, THIS PERPETUATES TRAFFICKING, HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES. **

Urmi **__ Shah __** Press & Information Human Rights Watch, London Email: shahu@gn.apc.org Tel: 020 7713 1995Africa News, June 14, 20 **__ 01 __** “PanAfrica; Migrant Domestic Workers Face Abuse in the US”, BYLINE: Human Rights Watch, SECTION: NEWS, DOCUMENTS & COMMENTARY, LENGTH: 1281 words

**__The special visas granted to foreigners who...__** leave on their one day off per week-Sunday.

**MIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKERS ARE NOT AFFORDED BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTIONS**

**__Human Rights Watch__** JULY 20, 20**__ 09 __** Decent Work for Domestic Workers, Recommendations to ILO Members regarding the Law and Practice Report and Questionnaire http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/07/20/decent-work-domestic-workers

Some governments have taken...**__protect their rights.__**

** DOMESTIC WORKERS ARE HELD IN THE US IN CONDITIONS OF SLAVERY, CONTROLLED THROUGH COERCION AND EXPLOITATION. **

Review: [untitled]Author(s): Lisa Krissoff BoehmSource: Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Spring, 2003), pp. 99-101Published by: University of Illinois PressStable URL:[] Accessed: 14/09/2010 20:13 Your

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Some **__domestic workers are...__** **__they lack documentation.__**

**THE STRUGGLE OF THE DOMESTIC WORKER IS A STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL IN CONDITIONS OF SERVITUDE: THIS IS ALICE B.’S STORY:**

Review: [untitled]Author(s): Lisa **__Krissoff__** BoehmSource: Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Spring, 20 **__03__** ), pp. 99-101Published by: University of Illinois PressStable URL:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[] Accessed: 14/09/2010 20:13 Your

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**__ While each trafficked... __****__ ventured too far from the household. __****__ 38 __**

**DOMESTIC MIGRANT WORKERS ARE LOCKED INTO AN ILLOGICAL SYSTEM OF DEVALUATION OF THEIR LABOR ADJUSTING, THIS IMBALANCE AND LISTENING TO THE DISCLOSURES OF THE FEMALE MIGRANT WORKERS IS LIBERATING**

Laura E. **__Ruberto__**. //Gramsci, Migration, and the Representation of Women’s Work in Italy and the U.S.// Lexington Books, 20**__07__**.

<span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">

**THE STATUS QUO RELIES ON THE DICHOTOMOUS DIVISION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPHERES AND DEMANDS THE GENDER BASED NATION OF PUBLICITY (BASED ON EXCLUSIONARY PUBLIC)**

Laura E. **__Ruberto__**. //Gramsci, Migration, and the Representation of Women’s Work in Italy and the U.S.// Lexington Books, 20**__07__**.

Relegating the feminine to the sphere of exclusion is phallogocentric violence. The dichotomous choice between public and private dematerializes all other bodies – along race, gender, and anthropocentric lines **Butler, noted for her studies on gender & teaches composition and rhetoric at Berkeley, 93** (Dr. Judith, ‘Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex’), pp. 48-49 LRP

<span style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.2in; margin-right: 0.2in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**__ There are good reasons __**, ...excluded in the course of Irigaray's analysis?

**THE FORCE OF DOMESTICITY IN WOMEN’S MIGRATION RELEGATES THEM TO THE PRIVATE SPHERE AND CODIFIES GENDER HIERARCHIES IN LAW.** Rhacel **__Salazar__** //the force of domesticity: filipina migrants and globalization// parrenas, 20**__08__** ny

Language puts us in a subordinate... human lives and their subjectivity.

**MIGRANT WOMEN’S DEMANDS FOR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE (I.E. OUR AFF) ARE UNIQUELY POSITIONED TO CHALLENGE HEGEMONY.** Laura E. **__Ruberto Citing Modotti__** //Gramsci, Migration, and the Representation of Women’s Work in Italy and the U.S.// Lexington Books, 20**__07__**

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"> = **THE DOMETIC WORKER OCCUPIES A SPACE OF ISOLATION AND COMMODIFICATION. RECONCEPTUALIZING THE PUBLIC SPHERE CREATES A SPACE FOR SUBALTERN COUNTERPUBLICS.**

Laura E. **__Ruberto__**. //Gramsci, Migration, and the Representation of Women’s Work in Italy and the U.S.// Lexington Books, 20**__07__**.

**IT IS OUR OBJECTIVE OF REACHING PAST THE POSSIBLE THAT RADICALIZES HEGEMONY. THIS IS ONLY POSSIBLE BY REJECTING THE TOTALIZING ESSENTIALISM AND A RECOGNITION OF THE REAL.**

Sue **__Golding__** Gramsci’s Democratic Theory: Cntributipns to a post-liberal democracy, university of toronto press, PAGE 133, 19**__92__**

**THE EXPLOITABILITY OF DOMESTICITY MIGRANT WORKERS IS DRIVEN BY THE LACK OF POLITICAL PROTECTIONS BY THE STATE THROUGH LEGISLATED POINTS OF ENTRY.**

Shireen **__Ally__**. //From Servants to Workers: South African Domestic Workers and the Democratic State//. Ithaca: ILR Press, 20**__00__** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">**1.**

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">**3.** **OBSERVATION 1: THAT THE “ANY RISK” OF A LINK TO A DISAD SHOULD BE REPLACED BY A “SUBSTANTIAL RISK” THIS IS BETTER FOR DEBATE BECAUSE** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">**a.** **THEORY:** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -1.5in;">**i.** **COMPETITIVE EQUITY: AFF HAS A BURDEN TO PROVE THAT THEY SUBSTANTIALLY ALTER THE SQUO: NEG SHOULD BE HELD TO THE SAME STANDARD** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -1.5in;">**ii.** **BETTER FOR DEBATE: SPECIFIC RESEARCH BETTER FOR DEBATE AND LOGICAL ARGUMENT THAN GENERIC RESEARCH** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -1.5in;">**iii.** **BETTER FOR TRUTHINESS: THIS ACTIVITY IS A STEPPING STONE FOR MANY INTO THE POLICY/ADVOCACY WORLD—ADVOCATING MARGINALLY TRUE OR UNTRUE LINK SCENARIOS IS BAD FOR THE WORLD.** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">**b.** **FUNCTIONAL** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -1.5in;">**i.** **WHEN WE CHOOSE TO IGNORE AND MARGINALIZE THE PEOPLE WHOSE LIVES MAY NOT HAVE A GREAT GEOPOLITICAL OR ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE WE MAKE LIFE MEANINGLESS AND JUSTIFY AN OPPRESSIVE AND INHUMANE REALITY.** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -1.5in;">**ii.** **MORE THAN JUSTIFYING THE BIOPOLITICAL CONTROL OF BODIES—THE ACT OF ERASURE IS A VIOLENT ACT. WE ARE NOT MAKING A MORAL CLAIM ON THE JUDGE TO VOTE FOR THE AFF OUT OF OBLIGATION BUT SAYING THAT WE SHOULD DEBATE IN A FRAMEWORK WHERE ONE WOMAN’S DAILY STRUGGLE CAN BE ADVOCATED AND DEFENDED. YOUR FRAMEWORK EXCLUDES HER STORY, OURS LEAVES ROOM FOR OURS, INCLUSIVE FRAMEWORKS ARE BETTER FOR BOTH SIDES.**

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -1.5in;">**Juvenile Visas Aff**

**Observation 1 is Inherency**

**Nearly 8,000 children were arrested and funneled through an adversarial immigration system last year, violating rights.**

**__Bhabha,__** J., & **__Schmidt__**, S.. (20 **__08__**, January). SEEKING ASYLUM ALONE: UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN AND REFUGEE PROTECTION IN THE U.S. Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth, 1(1), 127-138,157,162. Retrieved August 28, 2010, from Children's Module. (Document ID: 1722847111).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Whatever the reasons, **__the number …__** and to make recommendations for reform.

Observation 2 is the Criminal Mentality **1. Children escaping expolitation and abuse enter into a traumatic legal system which alienates at every opportunity.**

**__Bhabha,__** J., & **__Schmidt__**, S.. (20 **__08__**, January). SEEKING ASYLUM ALONE: UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN AND REFUGEE PROTECTION IN THE U.S. Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth, 1(1), 127-138,157,162. Retrieved August 28, 2010, from Children's Module. (Document ID: 1722847111).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**__Children seeking asylum__** alone today **__….which local protection seems elusive.__**

**2. Children taken into detention by the DHS are treated as juvenile criminals and held for months in limbo.**

**__Amnesty International__**, "Why am I Here?": Unaccompanied Children in Immigration Detention. Amnesty International USA June 20 **__03__**. Available at http://www.amnestyusa.org/refugee/usa_children_summary.html."Why am I here?" Children in Immigration Detention

According to the INS, the number ….guaranteed under international laws and standards.


 * 3. US Immigration courts are not equipped to provide a safe environment for children justifying their claims to asylum—resulting in fewer visas.**


 * __Amnesty International__**, "Why am I Here?": Unaccompanied Children in Immigration Detention. Amnesty International USA June 20 **__03__** . Available at http: //www.amnestyusa.org/refugee/usa_children_summary.html."Why am I here?" Children in Immigration Detention//

//<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Amnesty International notes that **__the U.S. …. to his or her claim for asylum.__** //

// **4. The use of detention facilities in the US has more than tripled in the past decades, citizens are kept in facilities for years, and the current system serves as a deterrent to completion of US naturalization.** //

// **__Amnesty International__**, “Jailed Without Justice: Immigration Detention in the USA: Executive Summary” March 20 **__09__** http://www.amnestyusa.org/uploads/JailedWithoutJusticeExecutiveSummary.pdf //

//<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**__In just over a decade, immigration detention …claims to remain in the United States.__** //

//<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**5. The absence of a child rights framework results in more children in detention and more forcible returns to home countries.** // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Jacqueline **__ Bhabha __**, is the Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Lecturer in Law at Harvard Law School. She is also a lecturer in public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. She directs Harvard’s University Committee on Human Rights Studies. The author of numerous articles on refugee protection, migration, and asylum, she is working on a book on child migrants. Prior to working in the academy, she was a practicing human rights lawyer in the United Kingdom.Volume 31, Number 2, May 20 **__ 09 __**, DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0072 “Arendt’s Children: Do Today’s Migrant Children Have a Right to Have Rights?” MUSE. // //<span style="font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Yet, the predictability and uniformity ….hey were and what privileges we had.95 // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Observation 3 is the Right to Have Rights** // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**1.** **These children operate in Agamben’s state of exception, a place outside the normal juridcial order on the periphery of the state.** // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Jacqueline **__ Bhabha __**, is the Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Lecturer in Law at Harvard Law School. She is also a lecturer in public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. She directs Harvard’s University Committee on Human Rights Studies. The author of numerous articles on refugee protection, migration, and asylum, she is working on a book on child migrants. Prior to working in the academy, she was a practicing human rights lawyer in the United Kingdom.Volume 31, Number 2, May 20 **__ 09 __**, DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0072 “Arendt’s Children: Do Today’s Migrant Children Have a Right to Have Rights?” MUSE. // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**__These arbitrary detention processes, apparently …. exist in a liminal space outside it__**. [End Page 431] // // **2. The ethical impulse to “listen” is not enough, political listening is necessary for the subaltern to be heard.** //

// Gayatri Chakravorty **__Spivak,__** Copyright © 2005 The Johns Hopkins University Press. All rights reserved. Diacritics 32.3-4 (20**__02__**) 17-31, Access provided by George Washington University, “Ethics and Politics in Tagore, Coetzee, and Certain Scenes of Teaching” //

//<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I presented "Can the Subaltern Speak?" as ….**__who could countersign her "speech act."__** //

// 3. Opening a space for subaltern voices creates space for understanding not based on judgement or denial. //

// Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Avalon Foundation Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University and the director of the Center for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, 20 04 “Terror: A Speech After 9-11” Published by Duke University Press. //boundary 2 //31.2 (2004) 81-111 Access provided by University of Minnesota -Twin Cities Libraries—Project Muse 10/8/2008.//

// Yet, being a citizen of the world … were a self, neither to punish nor to acquit. //

//<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**4.** **Child specific forms of persecution are dismissed in the visa application process, condemning thousands to physical danger.** // // **__Bhabha,__** J., & **__Schmidt__**, S.. (20 **__08__**, January). SEEKING ASYLUM ALONE: UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN AND REFUGEE PROTECTION IN THE U.S. Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth, 1(1), 127-138,157,162. Retrieved August 28, 2010, from Children's Module. (Document ID: 1722847111). //

//<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> It is not only procedural aspects of immigration …. **__is particularly devastating for refugee children.__** 13 // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> 5. **The stateless child is the ultimate other, the security state depends on this otherization to self-preserve.** // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Linda K. **__Kerber__** Copyright © 20 **__05__** The American Studies Association. All rights reserved.. American Quarterly 57.3 (2005) 727-749, Access provided by George Washington University, Toward a History of Statelessness in America // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**__When we speak informally of citizenship, …a history of extreme otherness and extreme danger.__** // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> 6. Stateless peoples are deprived of their humanity and all officially recognized identity // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Ranjana **__Khanna__**, the Margaret Taylor Smith Director of Women's Studies at Duke University and professor in the Department of English, the Literature Program, and the Women's Studies Program. Her Algeria Cuts: Women and Representation 1830 to the Present was published in 20 **__ 07 __**. positions: east asia cultures critique, Volume 16, Number 1, Spring 2008, E-ISSN: 1527-8271 Print ISSN: 1067-9847, “Indignity” MUSE 9/4/10 // //<span style="font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Introduction In her complicated essay, "The …. than a stray dog who is just a dog in general.2 //

//<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**7. The plight of child migrants locates them in a space of radical otherness and brings awareness to the geographic positioning of rightslessness. [retag]** // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Jacqueline **__ Bhabha __**, is the Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Lecturer in Law at Harvard Law School. She is also a lecturer in public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. She directs Harvard’s University Committee on Human Rights Studies. The author of numerous articles on refugee protection, migration, and asylum, she is working on a book on child migrants. Prior to working in the academy, she was a practicing human rights lawyer in the United Kingdom.Volume 31, Number 2, May 20 **__ 09 __**, DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0072 “Arendt’s Children: Do Today’s Migrant Children Have a Right to Have Rights?” MUSE. // //<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Amnesty International has spoken to “John” …. **__state toward noncitizens within its own borders__** .63 // // **Thus we present the following plan:** //

// **The United States federal government should expand the beneficiary eligibility of Special Immigrant Juvenile Status Visas to include the political acts of children, unaccompanied children intercepted by the US Coast Guard, children placed in the custody of ORR for immigration violations,** **asylum applicants through the affirmative Asylum Office, and 400 unaccompanied children resettled through the U.S. Refugee Program, with a maximum processing date of 30 days.** //

// **Observation 4 is Solvency:** //

// **1. Congress is key to ensure that detention facilities are in line with US and international law.** //

// **__Amnesty International__**, "Why am I Here?": Unaccompanied Children in Immigration Detention. Amnesty International USA June 20 **__03__**. Available at http: // www.amnestyusa.org/refugee/usa_children_summary.html."Why am I here?" Children in Immigration Detention

<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> However, these changes have not yet directly …. **__process by allocating adequate funds to support them.__**

<span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**2. Child-specific visas apply a more ethical standard and cohere with international law** <span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**__Bhabha,__** Jacqueline., & **__Schmidt__**, Susan.. (20 **__08__**, January). SEEKING ASYLUM ALONE: UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN AND REFUGEE PROTECTION IN THE U.S. Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth, 1(1), 127-138,157,162. Retrieved August 28, 2010, from Children's Module. (Document ID: 1722847111). <span style="margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**__Where children__** **__clearly lack sources of protection …. protect the civility and ethical basis of our own society.__**